Organization Art of Strategic Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Organization Art of Strategic Management. Answer: Presentation: As per Randolph (2013 association configuration characterize the way where exercises, for example, task designation, coordination, and oversight are done in a way which can make an association to achieve its objectives and goal. Jay Galbraith's Star Modelwhich comprises offiveelements: forms, structure, prizes, individuals, and system. Legitimate use of these components can empower me to make the association that I work with to achieve vital viability. For example, I can utilize procedures to guarantee it has adequate procedures that permit errands to be finished without difficulties. As indicated by Pandit (2017), legitimate asset assignment empowers associations to have a proper work process, by permitting undertakings to move from one phase to the next. Improving procedures can upgrade the associations key plan by guaranteeing all areas stays dynamic, and undertakings are finished immediately. Aside from making errands to spill out of in the necessary stages, executing legitimate procedures can likewise upgrade the accessibility of data over all regions, thus settling on it conceivable to settle on choices and take activities on issues that should be tended to. The other way I can utilize this model is through guaranteeing workers are compensated to feel increased in value. Powell (2014) certifies that when representatives feel an association remember them, they feel pleased to be related with it, and consistently submit their endeavors towards better execution. This encourages the firm to decrease turnover rates and furthermore to improve profitability. Prize additionally helps in aligningthe objectives of workers with those of the association, thus machining it feasible for the firm to achieve its destinations. Having hierarchical objectives that coordinate those of the worker additionally makes it simple for the administration to think of methodologies that can trigger better execution, and furthermore to actualize change with insignificant odds of opposition. I would likewise utilize this model to actualize a system that guides the association to achieve its objectives and destinations. As indicated by Pandit (2017), procedure can change an association by setting a way that can be utilized to yield items or administrations that can fulfill its customers. It additionally assumes a key job in making a firm to achieve its strategic sketching out the strategies that the administration can use to accomplish its objectives and goals. Executing a system in this association will likewise make its administration to stay dynamic in coordinating the other staff individuals in a way which can improve the firm to acknowledge execution. Actualizing better structure in this association can likewise help it to improve its key viability. In light of Jay Galbraith's Star Model, this component is related with the way in which force and authority passed or practiced in the association. Maranville (2011) attests that legitimate structures in associations lead to better execution since it makes all offices to do the correct things. To guarantee this association has a structure that can yield positive outcomes, I will guarantee there are various degrees of the board, and each level is made of experts who depicts great administration characteristics. From Jay Galbraith's Star Model, individuals assume a urgent job in persuading assignments to be finished in associations. As a result of this explanation, I would guarantee the organization has satisfactory workforce, and different perspectives that improve representative presentation and inspiration, for example, advancement, turn, preparing, and advancement are thought of. I will likewise guarantee the human asset office has strategies that are intended to urge worker duty to their occupations. References Maranville, S. (2011). The Art of Strategic Management. Diary of Management Education, 35(6), 782-807. Randolph, S. A. (2013). Key Thinking. Work environment Health Safety, 61(1), 54-78. Pandit, T. (2017). Book Review: Subhash Sharma, New Ideas In Strategic Thinking Management. Vision, 21(3), 336-337. Powell, T. C. (2014). Key Management and the Person. Vital Organization, 12(3), 200-207.

Claude Debussy Essay Example

Claude Debussy Paper Music is the statement of the development of waters Nine words is the stuff to strikingly place Into point of view the life of Claude Debussy and how he created his own music. Debussy composed his music as though he were to attempting to depict water; making his music stream, reflect, and pervade through the audience members ears. Magnificent structures, for example, Claire De Lune, Prelude from the Suite Burgomaster, Deuce Arabesques, and Lee File Auk Achieve De Line take after Debussy enthusiasm for music, however the degree to which he can communicate without words. Claude Debussy was a virtuosic man whose life, the start, center, and end of it, befittingly identifies with his music. Debussy was really a maestro of the craft of Impressionistic music. Claude Reachable Debussy was conceived on August 22nd, 1862 in Saint-Germane-En-Lay, France to Manuel-Achilles Debussy and Victorian Mammary Debussy. His dad was the proprietor of a China shop in Saint-Germane-En-Lay and his mom was a sewer. Claude was the oldest of five youngsters. After four years, in 1 867, Claude and his family moved to Paris, France however at that point, in 1870, Claude and his pregnant other left to live with Clauses Aunt, Clementine, In Cannes, France In request to maintain a strategic distance from the then-current Franco-Prussian War. It was this move began his melodic excursion. In 1870, his auntie offered to pay for Claude to take piano exercises with an Italian musician named Curette. Following a time of exercises, he at that point got a handle on the consideration of Madame Antoinette Mattâ © De Belleville, a family companion who had obviously taken exercises with FRR ©d ©rice Chopin, despite the fact that there was no solid proof that she had ever even done as such. We will compose a custom exposition test on Claude Debussy explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Claude Debussy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Claude Debussy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer De Belleville was at last Impressed by his capability on the Instrument. Cap astounded her significantly more was the way that he had unadulterated on an instrument that was assuredly unfamiliar to the person who even instructed him in any case. , despite the fact that being educated by a musician. Reluctantly and without aversion, De Belleville offered Claude exercises on piano, which Claude excitedly acknowledged. Antoinette Maude Belleville was very overpowered with Debussy yearning ability. Over the span of a year, De Belleville prepared Debussy energetically so Debussy could enter the Conservatoire De Paris, which was (and still Is) a first rate school for the individuals who are not kidding on seeking after the vocation of music or any craftsmanship for the issue. After an effective tryout, on October 22, 1872, Debussy was successively conceded in the Conservatoire De Paris. Mattâ © was so stuck onto Debussy and his achievements, that Debussy father proclaimed her as Debussy Godmother. Debussy entered the Conservatoire De Paris with an attitude that he was going to study Plano Performance. A long time later, he chose to change his major to relentless years. Debussy considered creation with Ernest Guard, amicability with Emilie Duran, piano with Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, music history and music hypothesis with Louis-Albert Obbligato Discouraged and school with Albert Laving. For a mind-blowing duration at the Conservatoire De Paris, Debussy perseveres through numerous exhausting assessments and rivalries; some accepting him good grades and remarks, others nothing. His first remark was given to him by his piano instructor, Antoine Francisco Marmoreal, on January 13, 1874. The remark was, Charming youngster, genuine disposition of a craftsman; will turn into a recognized artist; an incredible future. Months after the fact, on July, he gets a second noteworthy notice for playing Chopping Second Piano Concerto. After one year, he gets a first noteworthy notice in quite a while piano assessment; Chopping first Ballade is the thing that he played for the assessment. On January 16, 1876, Debussy showed up working together with a nearby industry metal band. At the show, which occurred in Chauncey, he went with Letting Mended in a program loaded up with operatic passages and instrumental pieces. Back in the Conservatoire De Paris, soon thereafter, he gets his a first decoration for his greatness in the school assessments. Before long, the year 1877 tags along. It was that year that encounters the lapse of his sibling, Eugene, who was under four years of age. The reason for his demise was meningitis, a disorder that wouldnt discover a fix until numerous years after. The demise of Eugene didn't influence Debussy playing and study, for he won second prize in his piano assessment, playing Schumann Sonata in G Minor. In 1878, Debussy bombed his piano assessment. In 1879, Debussy, he was granted no prizes for his piano and school assessments. Mile Duran says that Debussy a youngster that is incredibly skilled in Harmony, however is urgently imprudent during school. 1880 was a surely a time of learning and modifying for Claude Debussy. Debussy pursued an Accompanist class with Augusta Bacilli in 1879 and in 1880, he won first award on the accompanist assessments. Debussy before long acknowledges cap he needs to begin discovering manners by which he can get by while as yet going to the Conservatoire De Paris. He later at that point secured two low maintenance Positions that lead to a basically basic part for the development of his organization profession. His initial segment time Job was to be an accompanist to a choral society named La Concordia. This was demonstrated practically unfortunate in light of the fact that, typically, Debussy chose to never appear at any of La Concordats practices. His other low maintenance Job was being an accompanist to artist Victorian Mortar-Saints. This low maintenance Job is the one he preferred over the unpleasant choral works of La Concordia. During an occasion with Mortar-Saints, Debussy got a greeting from Menhaden Von Neck. Menhaden Von Neck was a significant figure, because of her extraordinary companionship and support with the virtuoso Photo Lacily Tchaikovsky, whom which Debussy regarded and looked Upton as a writer yet had almost no effect on him and his future works. Von Neck searched out Debussy so Debussy could go with Von Neck and her family as an accompanist and a piano instruct/coach. During the three summers that Debussy was with the Von Neck family, Debussy and the Von Neck family voyaged numerous lengths on amazing visits the whole way across Europe and in any event, reaching out to Asia. Debussy made a trip to Interlayer in Switzerland, Archon in Russia. Debussy had a short relationship with Sonic Von Neck, Menhaden Von Necks little girl. Albeit short, Debussy was practically near wedding Sonic Von Neck, yet was then denied after Menhadens refusal, since Sonic Von Neck was in certainty just sixteen and too youthful to even think about marrying in Menhadens eyes. This affection must have not kept going extraordinary lengths; this adoration was simply on youthful and could have before long been overlooked n. In any case, in the long run, Debussy found a lot more fantastic love, and furthermore a lot more seasoned maybe. Albeit thirteen years to his senior, Debussy began to look all starry eyed at Bleach Adelaide Evasive. Sly was everything Debussy each needed. The shade of her eyes were the ideal shade of green, which was Debussy most loved shading, and her voice, to him, was grand light. Also, to finish everything off, she sung with the voice of a thousand holy messengers. Her hair shading was red to brown which Debussy thought was wonderful. Hesitant was thirty-two and was hitched to Eugene-Henry Evasive, a man extremely devoted to his work as an enlistment center of structures. Eugene-Henry Evasive was additionally incredibly rich man and just two years to Debussy senior. Albeit a wedded lady, Evasive ached for Debussy. Hesitant at last yearned for adoration, and to her, Debussy could flexibly that affection. Eugene-Henry Evasive could flexibly her costly tastes, however not her adoration and energy for music. Debussy was Evasive sub-par wanting for an energetic however clandestine love. Shifty profoundly affected Debussy and his arrangements. On May 12, 1882, Evasive performed two of Debussy arrangements, Less Roses and Fete Gallant, with Debussy as an accompanist. Debussy was really enamored with the main lady or individual that have sung his music to date. He would spill out music for her to sing Just with the goal that he would her be able to voice. Sly was a motivation for Debussy to compose music. From 1881 to 1884, Debussy composed twenty-three exquisite structures. Madame Evasive was the main dream to move melodic sentiments. In 1883, Debussy was conceded for the PRI De Rome rivalry. The PRI De Rome was profoundly serious challenge for grant exclusively for understudies of expressions of the human experience. Controls included Architecture, which is the thing that the PRI De Rome was initially planned for, Painting, Sculpture, Engraving and Musical Composition. He was positioned Ruth for his piece Invocation, a work for male voice ensemble and symphony dependent on a book by Alphorns De Almandine. Two or after three weeks, Debussy is conceded for the last rivalry for the PRI De Rome. Second prize is given Debussy with his cantata to words by Mile Mortar, called Lee Gladiator. Debussy was clearly the new of everybody in the PRI De Rome rivalry. On his first endeavor, he was granted second prize which is a most distinguished accomplishment. After one year, Debussy was conceded for the PRI De Rome rivalry once more. His structure Lee Printers, a sythesis for blended ensemble and symphony to words y Jules Barrier, positioned Debussy fourth in the primers. On May 24, 1884, Debussy was conceded for the last rivalry for the PRI De Rome. It was then that he won the PRI De Rome with Leant Prorogue, a melodious structure. The PRI De Rome requested that the primary spot champ needed to remain for a long time to concentrate in Rome at the Villa Medici. Debussy was entirely discouraged when he got word that he had become the champ of

2016 Early Action Decision Timeline - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2016 Early Action Decision Timeline - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2016 Early Action Decision Timeline For all of you who are waiting anxiously by your computer/mailbox, nervous about your Early Action decision, here is some good news. UGA is planning on releasing the EA decisions on the myStatus page on Friday, November 20 in the late afternoon, unless some serious problem arises, which I do not expect. If this changes, we will let you know, but this is the plan at this time. If there are issues, the release date and time would then be a little later, either over the weekend or the early part of the next week. Do not call/email/text/message/tweet asking for the exact time of late afternoon, as I cannot give an exact time. We will post a message here when it opens up. We are excited about this, and I am guessing you are as well, and hopefully it will allow for a little less nerve-wracking Thanksgiving break for some of you. In addition to the decisions being available on the myStatus page, letters will go out in the mail for Accepted, Deferred and Incomplete students. Freshman denial letters will not be mailed out, as almost all applicants see their decisions online, and we, along with a number of colleges, did not want to have a letter that only served to reinforce the negative feelings they might already have. Here are a few suggestions on how to react to the four different decisions: Admit: Celebrate with family, buy a lot of UGA gear to wear for the Thanksgiving break, but remember that not everyone has received a decision of admission, and so be a little more low key with friends and classmates. In other words, do not run up to you best friend during English class and scream I got into Georgia while 10-15 of your classmates are mentally creating new and painful ways for you to meet your doom. In addition, be patient with the other parts of campus (commitment deposit, housing, the UGA myID system, etc.), as they might need a few days to take in your information. Remember, it takes a little while for information to flow to other offices. Read the materials we give you online and in an acceptance packet as it will instruct you on what to do next. Defer: This is the most challenging one, as these are applicants who are truly strong students, but we want to see more about them, as well as the rest of the applicant pool, before making a final decision. Please remember, this is not a denial at all, but instead a way for us to be able to review you in full, from your co-curricular activities, your essays, and your recommendations. As I usually state, defer is not a four letter word (even though you might feel this way), only a delay in an admission decision. This is your chance to let us know what you are like as an overall applicant. While this is probably not the answer you would like, I would suggest you treat it as a call-back for a second audition. Some roles have already been cast (or admitted), and we now want to look at you in more detail to see how you compare to the rest of the people auditioning (or applying). One of the worst things you can do is give up and not do the essays. The second worst thing is to call us up and berate us for not admitting you. We will be happy to talk to people, but make sure to communicate in a positive tone, understand that we cannot talk about other applicants, and please remember that defer does not mean denial. In past years, just under half of the deferred applicants who completed part II were later admitted. Each year, about 1,400 deferred students do not complete part II, so we never even have a chance to even review them! If you are serious about UGA, take the time to complete your application, and then be patient as we review all of these files throughout Jan., Feb. and March. When completing part II/the essays, you do NOT need to do an entirely new application, and there is no new/additional application fee. You just need to go to your myStatus page after decisions are out, complete part II/the essays, and hit submit. As well, get a teacher from an academic area to write your teacher recommendation. Remember, UGA is in no way done with the overall freshman admission process. We still have a long way to go, with a great deal of files to read and admission offers to make, so make sure you do your best to show UGA what you are like as an overall student/citizen. Deny: While this is not a fun situation at all, the reality is that if you have been denied Early Action, you are truly not competitive for admission at UGA as compared to the rest of the applicant pool. It is not easy to write that, and it is very difficult to tell this to a student or parent, but when we look at this students application in comparison with the other 14,515 EA applicants (and remember, we expect to get over 9,000 RD applicants as well), they do not match up academically with the others. It is better to tell you now instead of waiting until late March, as this gives you time to make other plans. Unless there seems to be a serious error (you are in the top of your class, take a very challenging course load, and have a strong test score), my suggestion is to not contact us about the decision, but instead move forward with plan B. While we do not mind talking with you at all, the reality is that an Early Action denial means that the admission to UGA is not possible as a freshman. Incomplete: For the small number of students who did not complete your EA file, you are now automatically deferred to the next step, and so you will need to get in the missing materials from EA, and also submit part II of the application and a teacher recommendation. We went three plus weeks beyond the deadline allowing you to get in the missing documents, sending reminder emails, indicating what was missing through the myStatus page, and it was your responsibility to get in the required materials. So I do not suggest contacting us to see if we can take items late, as that time has passed. Focus instead on sending in what is needed to be reviewed in the next round. When completing part II/the essays, you do NOT need/want to do an entirely new application, and there is no new/additional application fee. You just need to go to your myStatus page after decisions are out, complete part II/the essays, and hit submit. Go Dawgs!

One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest - 2230 Words

Maryam Nasir English 12 Hamrick 14 October 2014 One Flew Over One flew over the Cuckoo’s nest describes a mental hospital where the patients housed within are restrained by the use of medication and a controlling nurse who reduces the patients wills. The patients over and over betray one another, which effectively draw them to further detachment within themselves. In an institution where no one seems to care about curing patients Nurse Ratched seems happy to break the will of each patient, making them manageable. In this way, the hospital’s day to day activities blackout all free will instead of creating comfort. The arrival of a new patient, McMurphy creates attention immediately in the ward as he acts out of routine. Due to his†¦show more content†¦As McMurphy joins these sessions, he is shocked to see what appear to be normal men told to be puppets with no control over their own destinies. His rebellion is put into action once he sees what is going on around him this is the same rebellion against authority that has got ten McMurphy into trouble with the law many times before. At first he seems amused to see yelling at one another but as he takes the entire situation into mind he changes it into chaos. He observes how Nurse Ratched controls over the sessions with a sly smile painted across her mouth. He sees how she appears to push and pull the patients as she pleases for own advantages. In response, he interrupts the therapy sessions by playing with a deck of cards (Quote page 12) he stares at Nurse Ratched and a silent challenge passes between the two. Nurse Ratched for her authority but, he also enjoys trying to break down those who control others. From the first day on the ward, McMurphy questions the music and the medication that the hospital forces upon the patients. When McMurphy enters the nurses’ station and tries to turn down the music, Nurse Ratched criticizes him, all the while talking down to him in a slow, patronizing tone. Having been repeatedly locked up McMurphy is used to being told what to do, but he is not used to being treated as if he is crazy. Although he is trying to pass time hiding in a mental hospital he is unwillingly to give up control over himself like all the

Symbolism in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye Essay

Many novels cannot be fully understood and appreciated if only read for face value, and J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is no exception. The abundant use of symbolism in Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is of such significance that it â€Å"proclaims itself in the very title of the novel† (Trowbridge par. 1). If the symbolism in this novel is studied closely, there should be no astonishment in learning that The Catcher in the Rye took approximately ten years to write and was originally twice its present length. J.D. Salinger uses copious amounts of symbolism in his novel to accurately convey the feelings of his main character, Holden, and, in essence, to reveal information pertaining to human sentiment. Many of these symbols contain†¦show more content†¦The ducks are first brought to the reader’s attention while Holden is visiting his teacher, Mr. Spencer, regarding his removal from Pencey. While conversing with Mr. Spencer, however, Holde n’s mind drifts elsewhere. His mind drifts back to New York as he wonders to himself if the lagoon in Central Park is frozen over, and if so, where do the ducks go? A direct parallel can be drawn from the ducks in the lagoon to Holden’s present situation. He is mandated to leave Pencey, but has no idea where he belongs after leaving. Just like the ducks in the lagoon, â€Å"Holden is essentially homeless, frozen out† (Trowbridge par. 1). Holden’s life has not been filled with an abundance of stability and now what little he had is gone, albeit due to faults of his own, and he sees an unsure and hazy future. Holden inquires about the state of the ducks to the driver of the first cab he catches in New York, and the driver believes that he is kidding. Later on, he asks another cab driver if somebody came around â€Å"in a truck or something to take them away† or if they flew away â€Å"by themselves† (Salinger 81-82). Knowing what happens to t hese ducks, knowing that they are safe and secure even though the lagoon is frozen would provide Holden with a sense of comfort about his current state of affairs. What seems to be a ridiculous and meaningless question to theShow MoreRelatedHolden Caulfield of Catcher In the Rye, the equivalent portrayal of J.D Salinger1734 Words   |  7 PagesHolden Caulfield of Catcher In the Rye, the equivalent portrayal of J.D Salinger Jerome David â€Å"J.D† Salinger’s masterpiece, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world to the disillusioned protagonist Holden Caulfield. The story follows Holden Caulfield following his eviction from his private school, Holden leaves school two days early to travel New York before returning home. He interconnected with many different folks along the way and fascinatingly, the character of Holden Caulfield holds a remarkableRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a novel by J.D. Salinger. It is narrated by Holden Caulfield, a cynical teenager who recently got expelled from his fourth school. Though Holden is the narrator and main character of the story, the focus of Salinger’s tale is not on Caulfield, but of the world in which we live. The Catcher in the Rye is an insatiable account of the realities we face daily seen through the eyes of a bright young man whose visions of the world are painfully truthful, if not a b it jaded. Salinger’sRead MoreA Short Biography of J.D. Salinger1316 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"David Jerome Salinger†) In 1932, Jerome was enrolled in Mcburney School. It was a private high school. He was the captain on his fencing team. He really enjoyed fencing. He struggled in private school though because he got terrible grades! Since Salingers grades were very mediocre in private school they sent him somewhere else. He was sent to military school. He started to attend Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania in 1934. 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He went to prep school at Valley Forge Military Academy from 1934-1936. He spent 5 months in Europe when he was 18 or 19 years old. Then, in 1937 and 1938 he studied at Ursinus College and New York University. From 1939 to 1942, he went to Columbia University whereRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. Salinger1386 Words   |  6 PagesAs a â€Å"gateway drug for a generation of teenagers,† Jerome David Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world-renowned phenomenon (Teicholz). On the surface it highlights a teenager’s mentally challenging journey of painfully trying to transition into adulthood, while also wanting to reject the adult world and seek refuge in his idealistic childhood recollections. However, these ideas can be analyzed on a deeper level, no t only to better understand the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, but alsoRead MoreAlienation and Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger700 Words   |  3 PagesTouch with Society In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger discusses the ideas of alienation and isolation. He notes that if one is unable to keep up with society they lose touch. Salinger portrays alienation and isolation through literary devices such as symbolism. Some of the symbolic features use in the novel is Holden’s red hunting hat which shows Holden’s uncommon desire compared to society’s desires. Another significant symbolic feature is the catcher in the rye; this represents Holden’s ideaRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesJ.D. Salinger’s Use of Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. 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Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflicts, irony, symobolism

Warm Bodies Chapter 3 Free Essays

The cracked pavement rumbles under our truck’s tyres. It abuses the old Ford’s creaky suspension, making a quiet roar like stifled rage. I look at my dad. We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Bodies Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He looks older than I remember. Weaker. He grips the steering wheel hard. His knuckles are white. ‘Dad?’ I say. ‘What, Perry.’ ‘Where are we going to go?’ ‘Someplace safe.’ I watch him carefully. ‘Are there still safe places?’ He hesitates, too long. ‘Someplace safer.’ Behind us, in the valley where we used to swim and pick strawberries, eat pizza and go to movies, the valley where I was born and grew up and discovered everything that’s now inside me, plumes of smoke rise. The gas station where I bought Coke Slushies is on fire. The windows of my grade school are shattered. The kids in the public swimming pool are not swimming. ‘Dad?’ I say. ‘What.’ ‘Is Mom coming back?’ My dad finally looks at me, but says nothing. ‘As one of them?’ He looks back at the road. ‘No.’ ‘But I thought she would. I thought everyone comes back now.’ ‘Perry,’ my dad says, and the word seems to barely escape his throat. ‘I fixed it. So she won’t.’ The hard lines in his face fascinate and repel me. My voice cracks. ‘Why, Dad?’ ‘Because she’s gone. No one comes back. Not really. Do you understand that?’ The scrub brush and barren hills ahead start to blur in my vision. I try to focus on the windshield itself, the crushed bugs and tiny fractures. Those blur, too. ‘Just remember her,’ my dad says. ‘As much as you can, for as long as you can. That’s how she comes back. We make her live. Not some ridiculous curse.’ I watch his face, trying to read the truth in his squinted eyes. I’ve never heard him talk like this. ‘Bodies are just meat,’ he says. ‘The part of her that matters most . . . we get to keep that.’ ‘Julie.’ ‘What?’ ‘Come here. Look at this.’ The wind makes a ripping sound through the shattered plate glass of the hospital we’re salvaging. Julie steps to the window’s edge with me and looks down. ‘What’s it doing?’ ‘I don’t know.’ On the snow-dusted street below, a single zombie walks in a loose circle. It bumps into a car and stumbles, slowly backs up against a wall, turns, shuffles in another direction. It makes no sound and doesn’t seem to be looking at anything. Julie and I watch it for a few minutes. ‘I don’t like this,’ she says. ‘Yeah.’ ‘It’s . . . sad.’ ‘Yeah.’ ‘What’s wrong with it?’ ‘Don’t know.’ It stops in the middle of the street, swaying slightly. Its face displays absolutely nothing. Just skin stretched over a skull. ‘I wonder how it feels,’ she says. ‘What?’ ‘To be like them.’ I watch the zombie. It starts swaying a little harder, then it collapses. It lies there on its side, staring at the frozen pavement. ‘What’s it . . . ?’ Julie starts, then stops. She looks at me with wide eyes, then back at the crumpled body. ‘Did it just die?’ We wait in silence. The corpse doesn’t move. I feel a wriggling sensation inside me, tiny things creeping down my spine. ‘Let’s go,’ Julie says, and turns away. I follow her back into the building. We can’t think of anything to say all the way home. Stop. Breathe those useless breaths. Drop this piece of life you’re holding to your lips. Where are you? How long have you been here? Stop now. You have to stop. Squeeze shut your stinging eyes, and take another bite. How to cite Warm Bodies Chapter 3, Essay examples

Marketing Plan for BlackBerry

Executive Summary The BlackBerry is Smartphone manufactured by RIM. It has been having a large market share, especially in the North American market. However, it is currently facing stiff competition from other products such as the Apple iPhone and Nokia Smartphone among others.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main target for the BlackBerry has been the business users and it has not been able to effectively attract the mainstream consumers. Such Company as Apple has been able to produce products that have been attractive to the majority consumers. However, RIM can still take appropriate measures to avoid losing its market share by coming up with a new series BlackBerry Smartphone to add it to its product line with an intention of increasing its market share in North America as well as in the foreign markets such as China, parts of Africa and Europe. The company will have to capitalize on the available opportunities and its strengths and to make the necessary efforts to overcome its weaknesses and threats in order to win the competition. In this marketing plan, the situation of the BlackBerry product has been assessed and analyzed; the available literature concerning the problem of stiff competition and losing the market share by BlackBerry has also been looked at. In addition, a marketing strategy to be employed in introducing the new BlackBerry product to the market has been given and the financial projections and implementation plan has also been given in this marketing plan. Situation Assessment and Analysis According to Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk Salt (2009), â€Å"Research In Motion – RIM, pioneered the development of the Smartphone market in 1998 with the BlackBerry, positioned in government and enterprise target markets† (Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk Salt, 2009, p.3).Advertising Looking for term pa per on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The BlackBerry has gained a competitive edge following its recognition as being an â€Å"all-in-one portable wireless communication device† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.3). It has a broad portfolio of Smartphone products which include; BlackBerry Tour, Bold, Pearl and Curve series (Gowda, et al, 2009). On the was of this product getting more popularity, it goes without saying that it would be meaningless if the RIM Company depends on the sales of the present existing enterprise in order of ensuring the retaining of the products in the market. Following this realization, a move to introduce the BlackBerry Storm series was taken in 2008 and the main aim for this was to accommodate the majority consumer segments. However, this new series brought about â€Å"low customer satisfaction rates†. Another move was taken in 2009 to bring improvement to this series in which th ere was launching of the Storm2 series. However, the consumer expectations are ever changing and the competitors are always on the lookout to satisfy the consumer needs. Therefore, it is essential that RIM develops a new BlackBerry series product to add it to its product line in order to win the competition since the competitors in the Smartphone market such as Apple and Nokia are becoming more and more innovative. Research In Motion is a company that became very popular all over the world getting its popularity each day with a high speed. There are more than 14 million people who preferred the Blackberry production and, in total, the users come from different places of the world. Between the year 2005 and 2009, its revenue approached over $11,000 million. Out of this revenue, 92 percent came from outside North America. In 2009 financial year, the revenue increased by 84 percent over the financial year 2008 (Datamonitor, 2009). The company has realized growth â€Å"by expanding in to foreign markets where it held 18.7 percent of the global Smartphone market share in 2009† (Datamonitor, 2009, p. 1). Strong financials bring in investors and enable RIM to realize growth with coming up with new products as well as new solutions. However, this company encounters a danger to its global share and revenue as a number of its competitors enter the industry and come up with new products.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The forecasts that were made gave an indication that the Smartphone market would increase by 19 percent all through from the year 2009 to 2011. Even if there was a decrease in the sales of mobile phones by 9 percent at the start of 2009,†the Smartphone movement increased by 13 percent despite the economic crisis† (Datamonitor, 2009, p.3). The consumers of the Smartphone have given an indication that they have attached value on the multi-media applications and entertainment in their mobile devices. This tendency offers an opportunity for RIM to expand its product lines by putting much of its focus on the needs of the mainstream consumers. Competition RIM takes up the 20% of the global Smartphone market share. Even if this share is remarkable, the company is facing threats from its competitors and it is constantly fighting to remain on top of the competition. Its competitors in this market include â€Å"High Tech Computer (HTC), Apple, Nokia, Google’s Android, Samsung and Palm† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p. 4). Considering the Apple Company, in the financial year that ended in September 2008, its net sales amounted to $11.8 billion. Basing on the research that was conducted, it was established that the Apple Company was able to take up 13.3 percent of the global market share â€Å"as their 3 GB iPhone is growing in popularity selling for $199 with a service contract† (Datamonitor, 2009, p.4). In addition, the iPhone offers a competitive advantage, â€Å"as the device is able to run upwards of 85,000 applications providing higher utility for customers† (Datamonitor, 2009, p.5). In a similar manner, Nokia dominates the Smartphone global market share at 40 percent, posing a threat to North America market shares (Abkowitz, 2009). SWOT Analysis Strengths One of the strengths of the BlackBerry product is the brand image. This product has one of the best images for the mobile phones in the current mobile phone market. The diverse business it has possesses various products for its greater range of consumers. The other strength is that it is an innovative product. The software of the BlackBerry is designed very well. This phone is greatly secure it combines well with other platforms. It operates well with various other carriers which make it possible for it to be utilized all over the world. This device is quite easy to manage. It’s batt ery life is longer than the standard one.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third strength is the product features. This product has â€Å"a small form-factor with an easy-to-use-keyboard† (Randhawa et al, 2009, p.2). RIM has the patents for the â€Å"thumbwheel and QWERTY keyboard found on the device† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). In addition, the device has a â€Å"speedy mobile e-mail provider† and it has coverage in a large number of major nations. The Blackberry Smartphone is very comfortable to use when monitoring the e-mail messages. It is a very convient and portable way of being connected to the Internet as well. The global utilization of this product is one of â€Å"its best known assets† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). Weaknesses One of the main weaknesses of the Blackberry is ‘Global Coverage Dependence†. The company’s business model which involves entirely selling through operators implies that it relies on its â€Å"operators when it comes to launch Blackberry’s services† (Randhawa , et al, 2009, p.2). This consumes much time and the expense of launching this â€Å"can be high for small time operators† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). The other weakness of the Blackberry is the cost of ownership. This product has a high ownership cost. According to Randhawa, et al (2009), â€Å"Blackberry is known as a high-end product that is very costly for enterprises that want to provide e-mail across large organizations† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). The other companies competing with RIM have brought to the market products that are less costly as compared to the Blackberry. The third weakness of the Blackberry is in relation to its features. When it comes to setting up critical applications, the Blackberry does not find it easy but struggles. It does not have â€Å"a very large storage of third-party software†¦.when it comes to most people, its main feature is the e-mail utility† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). Opportunities One of the available oppo rtunities is the wide range of offerings for mobile workers. The increasing number of consumers will, in the future, need to be satisfied and the Blackberry will be at their service to ensure the consumers’ needs as are satisfactorily met. RIM will seek to ensure the enlarge of e-mail all across the world towards a market which is divergent and popular at the international level. Consumers have the knowledge about this value but they do not have the willingness of paying a premium. The other opportunity is that RIM â€Å"extends the range of third-party Blackberry devices† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). At a time Blackberry engages in licensing its software via â€Å"Blackberry connect and Blackberry programs† it is in a position to increase control against other users who have preference for the platforms of the Blackberry and â€Å"It is easily addressable in global markets and features certain products in markets worldwide† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). Threats The biggest threat that the Blackberry faces is the competition. The Blackberry is currently experiencing stiff competition from other products such as the Apple’s iPhone than it has ever experienced. There are various suppliers all over the world which give competition to Blackberry on each and every coming day. Blackberry competes as well with its operators; a large number of them have ensured launching of their own â€Å"branded e-mail service† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). There is a great competition in gaining popularity at the level of economic marketing within the mobile industry that bases on the competing of Blackberry with the products that are eager to imitate or to overcome this mobile product. Marketing Research (Literature Review) According to Tsirulnik (2010), even though the BlackBerry is the largely used Smartphone in the U.S, with about 43 percent of the market share, there seems that its application strategy has not been a success. In compa ring RIM with the Apple Company, the RIM’s BlackBerry App World is remarkably â€Å"less crowed than Apple’s App store† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para. 2). By the beginning of the year 2010, there were about one hundred and fifty thousand applications in iTunes while the â€Å"BlackBerry App World† did not have more than fifteen thousand applications. Moreover, it is reported that Android was a little higher but in a similar ballpark. â€Å"There is no too much going on in terms of branded BlackBerry applications and it is rather ironical considering its market share† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 2). It has also been reported that the iPhone/Android platform do have touch functionality that is superior as well as navigation from App store to application to a larger number of the BlackBerry devices (Tsirulnik, 2010). In addition, â€Å"the Androids and iPhones are preloaded with their app stores but on the other hand, a person using a BlackBerry has to download App World in case he or she wants to use it† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 22). However, it is pointed out that â€Å"BlackBerry has a great opportunity to win over the enterprise and B2B market, as companies are far more likely to incorporate companywide BlackBerry solutions over the iPhone, which constitutes a significant barrier to entry for the iPhone† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 22). Tsirulnik poses a question that; â€Å"will BlackBerry App World measure up to the iPhone† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 10). The iPhone has a large â€Å"installed base of seventy five million iPhone and iPod devices and counting, all feeding on billions of downloads of 150,00-pluc applications† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 11). The success of the â€Å"iPhone App Store† is attributed to its marketing support which include; â€Å"existing infrastructure of application review sites, blogs and YouTube review sites† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 12). Research in Motion is supposed to obtain more developers as well as brands which have interest in the creation of the entertaining and fun applications for the company’s platform ((Tsirulnik, 2010). According to Arthur (2011), RIM has been gradually losing its market share in the course of the last two years to phones that make use of the Google’s Android OS as well as to the Apple’s iPhone, and especially in the U.S market which was once the company’s biggest market. However, this company has been able to gain the market share in other countries in Africa, Europe and Asia, and especially in China. It is reported that the company has been able to gain a bigger market share than that that has been held by the former market leader Nokia for Smartphone sales in parts of Africa and China (Arthur, 2011). However, although the profits of RIM increased in the most recent quarter of the financial year 2011, there was sequential fall in the handset sales, giving an indication that the customers were not renewing contracts but they were instead purchasing touch-based phones for RIM’s competitors such as Apple, Samsung and HTC (Arthur, 2010). According to Arthur (2011), â€Å"RIM’s customers split roughly 50 -50 between business users and consumers, where the general Smartphone market is split 30-70† (Arthur, 2011, para 11). The consumer market is bigger and following this, problems have been created for RIM in its attempts to expand the customer base â€Å"as the iPhone and Android phones have so far proved more popular with the first wave of consumer Smartphone buyers† (Arthur, 2011, para 11). According to Siebes (2010), following the industry wide competition, there has been increased spending in research and development at RIM and this has in turn led to a decrease in profit margins to a considerable level between the year 2007 and 2010. Moreover, there has been an eight percent increase in the cost of sales during the same period and at the same time, there has been a decrease in the average selling price per unit to $311 in 2010 from $371 in 2009 (Peers, 2010). To a great extend, the rise in the cost of sales is attributed to increased level of spending on research and development and at the same time, the decreasing unit selling cost is a result of end-consumer expectations â€Å"in a market where RIM’s BlackBerry is no longer one of just a few alternatives† (Siebes, 2010, para. 4). It is pointed out that the company is not just about to make a loss but it is imperative that to the company’s stakeholders for it to maintain high profit levels (Siebes, 2010). As on one hand it is not realistic to have expectations of the company’s profit margins going back to the previous highest levels any time in the near future, some actions are supposed to be taken to ensure that there is slowing down of the rate at which the profit margins are decreasing in the short time, and to ensure that there is an increase in the profit margins in the long run. Marketing Strategy Marketing Mix Product To this point, RIM has transformed â€Å"mobile phone communication devices with the BlackBerry smartphone† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.5). The best idea would be to add to the product depth by bringing in a new BlackBerry to the product line by coming up with a multi-media device to meet the consumers’ needs in a better way. Price The setting of the price point will be done by the pricing strategies of the competitors. For the clients who long to have the satellite service, there will be predetermining of the extra charge. Place There will be distribution of the new BlackBerry product through the North American service carriers as well as the Global carriers, retail outlets and also through the â€Å"Black Berry promotional website† (Grewal, 2009, p.9). Promotion The company will engage in communicating the advantages of the new BlackBerry product to the consumers and it will do this thr ough tailored advertisement campaigns, †internet marketing, viral marketing, social media channels and exclusive offers to current and new customers† (Grewal, 2009, p.9). Financial Projections and Analysis It is projected that within the next one year, there will be a gradual increase in the BlackBerry market share and the company’s profits are projected to increase at a rate of 10 percent per year. However, in the long run, after between three and five years, it is expected that the profits will increase by about thirty percent. Target Market The present BlackBerry target market is formed by a population consisting of middle to upper class consumers who fall in the age range between 30 to 55 years in the â€Å"professional, executive, and industrial segments† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.4). The main target for getting new clients is the mainstream consumer market where the RIM Company will enter this segment by putting the changes in the consume expectations in to consideration. The company can bring the Smartphone products in to the market with more multimedia components to go with the interactive lifestyle of the consumers. In order to go on with the long-term growth, â€Å"RIM will target the next generational cohort. Tweets’, who are adept to technology, social media and have considerable influence on their parent’s consumer behavior† (Grewal, 2009, p.20). Strategies, Implementation and Controls The RIM to be able to satisfy the needs of the next generation of consumers and expand its global presence and increase its Smartphone market share, it has to increase its product depth. It has to add a new series to the BlackBerry Smartphone product line. In order to realize this, it needs to take various measures. One of the measures that need to be taken is product development. The current capabilities of the BlackBerry devices will not be sufficient in meeting the ever changing expectations of the consumers in the long run. The company can expand its market share both in North America and globally by ensuring addition of a BlackBerry series to the product depth under the mobile communication devices breadth. The new BlackBerry series that the company will have to come up with will have to feature increased multimedia and application capabilities, â€Å"non-scratch recycled metal, a full LED touch screen in combination with Qwerty keypad on the reverse side of the device, and a satellite service option for all customers† (Gowda, et al, p.5). The â€Å"satellite service will give out a higher value and greater utility for consumers who have a desire to use their phone at any place in the world. The advantage of this new BlackBerry product line will generate and give value by ensuring that the ever changing needs of the existing and new consumers are satisfied within the targeted market segments. The new alternative would facilitate sustenance of growth because a new product creates motivati on for clients to go on buying BlackBerry products and offer greater utility with the features that have been added. Having a complete product line, this will enable the BlackBerry products to resist the external threats that are posed by the competitors. The new BlackBerry product will stimulate a sales increase as new products bring in a big proportion of revenues and dominate over other products. However, some disadvantage may be brought in case RIM does not succeed in satisfying the changing needs of the expectations of the consumers because this will bring about revenue loss and a reduction in the profits. If there is no demand for the new product, this may in turn reduce the value of the BlackBerry brand; thus discouraging the existing as well as the new customers from purchasing any BlackBerry brand . In addition, the competitors may decide to improve on the concept on which BlackBerry may base on when developing this new product line and bring to the market an improved model to capture the market share in case this new product does not succeed. But RIM should foresee this and take appropriate measures to avoid such risks. Adequate research should be carried out to ensure the new product does not fail and serve to satisfy the ever changing consumer needs. Precaution should be taken to ensure the product has not weaknesses on which the competitors can capitalize on it and for them to bring in to the market an even more improved product. Another move that needs to be taken by RIM after developing a new product is market penetration. In order for this company to increase the Smartphone market share is the business as well as consumer segments, it can ensure that the brand awareness is increased. It can do this by communicating the superior benefits of the new BlackBerry brand. In order to bring up the level of the brand awareness, and to ensure intensification of the distribution efforts, the company can open BlackBerry stores having specialized BlackBerry service, situated in the business centers as well as suburban regions across the globe, and mostly in Asia, Europe and North America regions. One of the Benefits that will accrue from this is that, by bringing improvement in the marketing mix and open the BlackBerry stores in the existing markets, the company will be able to penetrate its markets and increase its market share. Adding to the â€Å"place of market distribution, this will serve as an additional vehicle that will be used to strengthened its communication of its BlackBerry products through customer service quality. Moreover, the company’s BlackBerry â€Å"specialty stores† offer added value to the products, through providing convenience and product knowledge to both the current as well as new customers in the targeted markets. However, there are some disadvantages that the company may encounter following taking this move. For instance, there will be no compensating of the additional marketing costs in cas e the additional promotion and distribution places turns out to be fruitless. In such a situation, the company will loose its market shares to its competitors who may offer innovative products with higher perceived value. If RIM does not move fast and delay in launching the new specialty stores, the customers may not be motivated to purchase from the BlackBerry product line. But the most important thing is the company to consider these shortcomings and ensure they are avoided as much as possible. The other move that can be taken by RIM to gain a larger market share and improve its sales and profitability is to develop the market. The company should seek to further penetrate the global markets by collaborating with mobile carrier service sin nations having emerging markets to increase the market share for its Smartphone. An advantage of this is that, in a large number of developing economies, there is an increasing percent of middle-class household who starting to purchase technologi cal devices. This offers an opportunity for the company to capture market share and bring up the level of the revenue. Going on to collaborate with co-brand with the global mobile service carriers promotes a number of consumer perceptions of the quality of the product and ensures value addition to the BlackBerry products. One of the drawbacks that may be associated with this is that the potential that go on co-branding with the global mobile service carriers may fail on the side of RIM because, it is pointed out, â€Å"global carrier brands are suited to respective geographic regions and demographics in the different cultures, resulting in different customer profiles† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.8). The global carrier companies may swift the priorities they have making the co-branded products not to be continued. Consequently, customer loyalty as well as customer relationships which are brought about by the co-branded products would actually be lost. Another drawback may be that v enturing in to the foreign markets may be obstructed by the regulations put in place by governments in thee countries. References Abkowitz, A. (2009). How BlackBerry Does It. Fortune, 160, (4), pp.92-100. Arthur, C. (2011). RIM launches three new BlackBerry devices with BB7 OS. The Guardian.  Web. Datamonitor: (2009). Research In Motion Limited SWOT Analysis, Research In Motion Limited. 3 (1) pp1-10. Gowda, N., Szabo, C. Choi, Y., Hauk, C. Salt, G. (2009). Blackberry’s rise in brand power.London: Macmillan and Company. Grewal, D. (2009). Marketing,. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Peers, M. (2010) RIM’s Not-So-Smart BlackBerry Strategy. The Wall Street Journal. Web. Randhawa, et al. (2009). Blackberry’s rise in brand power: The dueling marketing strategies of RIM versus Apple. Marketing Case Study. Web. Siebes, D. (2010). The future of RIM/BlackBerry. MGMT 647. Web. Tsirulnik, G. (2010). Has RIM’s BlackBerry app strategy failed? Mobile Marketer. Web. This term paper on Marketing Plan for BlackBerry was written and submitted by user Charlie Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Black Hawk War - Deception and Demise essays

The Black Hawk War - Deception and Demise essays The systematic slaughter of the Native Americans from the time of Columbus to the time of Roosevelt has often been compared to the holocaust of Jews in nazi Germany. Millions of Native Americans were brutally tortured and murdered by an invasion of foreign forces so as to steal their land and recourses (Churchill,126). Those who were not exterminated were forcefully removed from their land (either at gunpoint, the point of a bayonet or by forged treaties) and driven off to federal prison camps called reservations (source). In the early nineteenth century, whites started moving into what is now the state of Illinois. This movement precipitated numerous clashes with the Indians, including Black Hawks war. The defeat of Black Hawk removed a large obstacle to white settlement in the Old Northwest. In 1803, an exploratory push by Lt. Zebulon Pike, an American explorer, into the upper Mississippi valley signified the end of an era for the Sauks and their allies, the Foxes. The Indians debated whether to accommodate or resist the advance of the whites frontier. One group, headed by Keokuk, a Sauk, argued for accommodation, but Black Hawk, another Sauk leader, fiercely opposed such a policy. Black Hawks convictions were confirmed in 1804, when white settlers convinced the Sauk and Fox Indians to sign a treaty decreeing that they move west of the Mississippi. The treaty had no real claim to validity and was hardly understood by the Native Americans. Some refused, however, and soon after the War of 1812, Black Hawk denounced the treaty and proclaimed the Indians determination to retain their land. The next decade witnessed a steady decline in the fortunes of the Sauks and the Foxes. White population pressures forced the Indians to adhere to the treaty of 1804 and abandon their old territory. By the end of the 1820s, all had been forcibly removed and the lands sold by the state at public auction. Despite th...

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to a specified reference substance. This ratio is a pure number, containing no units. If the specific gravity ratio for a given substance is less than 1, that means the material will float in the reference substance. When the specific gravity ratio for a given material is greater than 1, that means the material will sink in the reference substance. This is related to the concept of buoyancy. The iceberg floats in the ocean (as in the picture) because its specific gravity in reference to the water is less than 1. This rising vs. sinking phenomenon is the reason that the term specific gravity is applied, although gravity itself plays no significant role in this process. Even in a substantially different gravitational field, the density relationships would be unchanged. For this reason, it would be far better to apply the term relative density between two substances, but for historical reasons, the term specific gravity has stuck around. Specific Gravity for Fluids For fluids, the reference substance is usually the water, with a density of  1.00 x 103 kg/m3  at 4 degrees Celsius (waters densest temperature), used to determine whether or not the fluid will sink or float in water. In homework, this is usually assumed to be the reference substance when working with liquids. Specific Gravity for Gases For gases, the reference substance is usually normal air at room temperature, which has a density of approximately 1.20 kg/m3. In homework, if the reference substance is not specified for a specific gravity problem, it is usually safe to assume that you are using this as your reference substance. Equations for Specific Gravity The specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the density of the substance of interest (Ï i) to the density of the reference substance (Ï r). (Note: The Greek symbol rho, Ï , is commonly used to represent density.) That can be determined using the following formula: SG Ï i à · Ï r Ï i / Ï r Now, considering that the density is calculated from mass and volume through the equation Ï  m/V, this means that if you took two substances of the same volume, the SG could be rewritten as a ratio of their individual masses: SG Ï i / Ï rSG mi/V / mr/VSG mi / mr And, since the weight W mg, that leads to a formula written as a ratio of weights: SG mi / mrSG mig / mrgSG Wi / Wr It is important to remember that this equation only works with our earlier assumption that the volume of the two substances is equal, so when we talk about the weights of the two substances in this last equation, it is the weight of equal volumes of the two substances. So if we wanted to find out the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and we know the weight of one gallon of water, then we would need to know the weight of one gallon of ethanol to complete the calculation. Or, alternately, if we knew the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and knew the weight of one gallon of water, we could use this last formula to find the weight of one gallon of ethanol. (And, knowing that, we could use it to find the weight of another volume of ethanol by converting. These are the sorts of tricks that you may well find among homework problems that incorporate these concepts.) Applications of Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. Depending on the specific application in question, those industries may use the concept with a different reference substance than water or air. The earlier assumptions applied only to homework. When you are working on a real project, you should know for sure what your specific gravity is in reference to, and shouldnt have to make assumptions about it.

Health Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Cultural diversity and innovation

Cultural diversity and innovation CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INNOVATION 1. Preface This paper is written as an assignment for the course: Societal Developments and Institutions. This paper contains a literature study for the workgroup cultural diversity, by a first year master student organization studies at the University of Tilburg. This paper is written with the help and suggestions of my teacher, mister Mutsaers, who provided some helpful articles to start this paper. 3. Introduction 3.1 Research problem In the Netherlands we live in a multicultural society. In this society there are a lot of members with lots of different cultural backgrounds. These members of the multicultural society will have to work together in organizations. Groups in organizations have become more diverse in terms of their demographic composition over the years and will continue to become more diverse in years to come (Jackson, 1992; Triandis, Kurowski, Gelfand, 1994; Williams OReilly, 1998). Also the process of globalization leads to organizations with members with different cultural backgrounds. According to Cox and Blake (1991) the recent business trends of globalization and increasing ethnic diversity are turning managers attention to the management of cultural differences. Numerous companies have discovered that increasing the diversity of their workforce pays off in improved performances (Curseu, 2007). According to Cox and Blake (1991) a well managed, diverse workforce holds potential competitive adva ntages for organizations. However not all scientific research comes to the same conclusions. Research on the relationship between workgroup diversity and performance has yielded inconsistent results (van Knippenberg, 2004). This inconsistency in results on the relationship between cultural diversity and organizational performances provides a great opportunity for further research. This literature study will focus on one specific part of organizational performance, namely innovative performance. Innovative performance is important for organizations because innovativeness stimulates economic development by fueling the engines of corporate growth (Schumpeter 1934, Penrose 1959). Without it, firms eventually wither and die. Advocates of the value-in diversity hypothesis suggest that work team heterogeneity promotes creativity and innovation (Cox Blake, 1991). Since cultural diversity is one aspect of work team heterogeneity, this would mean that cultural diversity also has a positive effect on organizational innovative performance. This study will examine the advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity on organizational innovative performance, in order to find out what the effects of cultural diversity are on an organizations innovative performance. 3.2 Research goal. The goal of this research is to find out what the advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity within organizations are with respect to the innovative performance of the organization. 3.3 Research Question The research question of this paper is: What are the effects of racial diversity in organizations on the innovative team performance? 3.4 Research relevance Social relevance The social relevance of this paper is probably very low. This paper only examines the advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity in organizations on innovative performance of organizations. There wont be any solutions provided that will have an impact on society. Practical relevance The practical relevance of this paper is that when managers of organizations want to find out what the effects of cultural diversity are for the innovative performance of their organization they could study this paper and use the results to decide how cultural diverse they want their work teams to be, that is working on innovations, so they could come to a high organizational innovative performance. Scientific relevance Unfortunately, research on the positive and negative effects of work-group diversity has largely developed in separate research traditions, and an integrative theoretical framework from which to understand the effects of diversity on team performance is missing (Guzzo Dickson, 1996; Kozlowski Bell, 2003; Williams OReilly, 1998). This paper will not research the positive and negative effects of all kinds of diversity within organizations on all kinds of group performances, but it will integrate the positive and negative effects of cultural diversity within organizations on the innovative performance of the teams in the organization. So this research could be seen as a start of integrating separate research traditions. So further research could build on this paper. 4. Theoretical background. In this paper literature is researched and analyzed, in order to answer the question: What are the effects of racial diversity in workgroups on the innovative team performance? To answer this question a few important concepts will be used. The first concept used in this thesis is diversity. The term diversity often provokes intense emotional reactions from people who, perhaps, have come to associate the word with ideas as â€Å"affirmative action† and â€Å"hiring quotas† ; yet it is a word that simply means â€Å"variety† or a â€Å"point of respect in with things differ† (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 1993; Websters Dictionary of the English Language, 1992). Diversity refers to differences between individuals on any attribute that may lead to the perception that another person is different from self (e.g., Jackson, 1992; Triandis et al., 1994; Williams OReilly, 1998). This first concept is a very general one. For the sake of this paper this definition has to be narrowed down. In this paper we will study team diversity. Team diversity is a group characteristic that reflects the degree to which there are objective or subjective differences between people within the team (van Knippenberg Schippers, 2007). These may be differences in demographic characteristics such as age, gender, or ethnicity, in job-related characteristics such as functional background or organizational tenure, in more deep-level (Harrison, Price, Bell, 1998) psychological characteristics such as personality, attitudes, and values, or on yet other dimensions of differentiation ( Dijk, Engen, Knippenberg, 2009). In an effort to organize thinking about different types of diversity some researchers (Cummings, Zhou Oldham, 1993; Jackson, 1992; Jackson, May Whitney, 1995; Maznevski, 1994; Tsui, Egan OReilly, 1992) have suggested ways of categorizing different types of diversity (Milliken Martins, 1996). One common distinction is between diversity on observable or readily detectable attributes such as race or ethnic background, age or gender, and diversity with respect to less visible or underlying attributes such as education, technical abilities, functional background, tenure in the organization or socio-economic background, personality characteristics, or values (Cummings et al., 1993; Jackson et al., 1995; Tsui et al., 1992) In this paper the focus is on one of the observable attributes of diversity, namely: racial diversity. Racial diversity is the diversity within teams in race. The second important concept of this paper is a team. Teams can be defined as a set of two or more actors who interact dynamically, adaptively and interdependently who share common goals or purposes; and who have specific roles or functions to perform (Salas et al., 1992). This paper studies teams, because organizations are increasingly relying on teams for innovation (Ilgen, Hollenbeck, Johnson, Jundt, 2005). Different articles use different names for teams. In a lot of articles the auteur refer to work groups. When the term work group is use in another article, it will be changed into teams so that this paper will be more consistent. The third important concept in this paper is radical innovation. Radical innovations are fundamentally different from things invented before and they represent revolutionary changes in technology. They lie at the core of entrepreneurial activity and wealth creation (Schumpeter, 1975). 5. Methodology 5.1 Research approach This research could be described as explorative, because it combines literature of cultural diversity with literature on organizational performance and innovative performance in a way that results in a clear overview of advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity on innovative performance. This overview is still missing in the literature so far. So this paper really explores the effects of cultural diversity on innovative performance in a way that hasnt been done before. 5.2 Data collection To find literature for this thesis the website www.webofscience.com will be used. The articles you can find on this website conform to the ISI-norms. These norms make sure that the article are from a high quality.. The methodology used in the articles to come to results have to be convincing so that the results are valid. When the article is considered useful for this thesis the whole article will be analyzed carefully. Also the website Google scholar and the online library of the University of Tilburg will be used to find literature about the main concepts of this thesis. To search for literature key words will be typed in at the search functions of the sites. The key words that will be used are:, cultural diversity, innovation, radical, team, organization, performance, work groups. These key words will be used in different combinations. The literature used in this thesis will be analyzed by first reading the abstract and discussion/conclusion parts of the articles. The articles are considered relevant when the topics of the articles have a connection to the topic of this thesis. When this is the case the articles will be selected. By doing this time will be saved by not reading a lot of irrelevant literature. Ones articles are selected the snowball function that the web of science offers will be used to find more literature. Snowballing can happen forwards (who cites the article) and backwards (who are cited in the article) by looking at the reference list of the articles. Both kinds of snowballing will be used in this thesis. Of course there will also be searched for more articles of the same writer, to find out if this writer has written more relevant articles for this thesis. 5.3 data analyses The articles will be systematically analyzed. The articles will be read to see what they are about exactly. The articles that are about the effects of racial diversity on team performance will get a number. Author Article number The key ideas of the article will be summarized so that it will be easy to find back which articles are about which topic. A distinction will be made between positive and negative effects on team performance. So the effects of racial diversity on team performance that have been found in articles will be easy to find back in the table. Article number Negative effects Positive effects 6. results Effects of racial diversity on innovative team performance Diversity is a characteristic of a group of two or more people and typically refers to demographic differences in one sort or another among group members (McGrath, Berdahl, Arrow, 1995). Researchers predictions about any one diversity variable differ depending on which of the dimensions they see as critical to determining its impact (Ely Thomas, 2001). Pelled (1996) predicted that racial diversity, as a source of visible differences, would incite intergroup bias and lead to negative outcomes for teams. But racial diversity could also have positive outcomes when you look at it from a different perspective. Cox, Lobel and McLeod (1991) predicted that racial diversity, as a source of cultural differences, would enhance creative problem solving and lead to positive outcomes for teams. In another study , McLeod and Lobel (1992) found that teams that are heterogeneous with respect to the ethnic backgrounds produced higher quality ideas on a brainstorming task than more homogeneous teams d id (Milliken Martins, 1996). Other researchers have found results that suggest that racial diversity could both have positive and negative effects on teams in organizations. More specifically, diversity in a team can produce lower cohesion and miscommunication among group members, which can lead to team conflict (Jehn, 1995). Some of this conflict may be productive—if, for example, it avoids â€Å"groupthink† and brings additional points of view into the discussion—whereas other forms may worsen team performance (Kochan et.al., 2003). Findings on the effects of racial diversity on team performance have been inconsistent in the literature so far. In some teams, diversity may improve performance, while in other teams, diversity may be detrimental to performance (Jackson, 1992; Jehn et al., 1999; OReilly Flatt, 1989; Richard, 2001; Steiner, 1972).. For example, the effects of diversity on team performance might be more favorable if group leaders and members build on team members creativity and information (Kochan et.al., 2003). In this paper the effects of racial diversity are studied on one particular kind of team performance, namely the innovative performance of teams. The type of innovation that is discussed in this paper is radical innovation. Racial diversity will be more positively related to performance, the more performance is contingent on the in-depth processing and integration of task-relevant information and perspectives (van Knippenberg et al., 2004). That is, if diversitys potential benefits derive fro m a process of exchanging and integrating diverse information, knowledge, and perspectives, diversitys benefits should be more evident the more task performance can be expected to benefit from information elaboration (Dijk, Engen, Knippenberg, 2009).This is the case much more for complex, knowledge-intensive tasks requiring the generation of non-routine solutions to complex problems and complex decisions than for more simple and routine task with lower information-processing requirements (Jehn et al., 1999). In line with this argument, a small meta-analysis of 13 studies by Bowers et al. (2000) confirmed this prediction, showing that diversity was positively related to team performance for complex tasks but negatively related to performance for simple tasks (Dijk, Engen, Knippenberg, 2009). Since the creation of radical innovations can be considered as one of these complex tasks, it can be assumed that racial diversity has a positive effect on the team ´s innovative performance. Innovation requires a creative spark and out-of-the-box thinking (Zhou Shalley, 2008). Diversity may be particularly conducive to such out-of-the-box thinking, because the exchange and integration of diverse perspectives may stimulate new ways of looking at the issues at hand and the need to integrate divergent perspectives may give rise to more creative solutions to problems and more innovative products (Paulus Nijstad, 2003; van Knippenberg et al., 2004). Thats why according to van Dijk, Engen, van Knippenberg, innovation teams may have more to gain from diversity than other teams. A very important factor to improve an team ´s innovative performance is the creation of ideas. The insights, skills, and experiences employees have developed as members of various cultural identity groups (racial diversity) are potentially valuable resources that the work group can use to rethink its primary tasks and redefine its markets, products, strategies, and business practices in ways that will advance its mission (Ely Thomas, 2001). The greater the informational resources available to the team, the more the team should be able to reach an in-depth understanding of the task, solve problems encountered in the course of task performance, and reach high-quality outcomes in terms of the creativity, innovation, and overall quality of the teams products, ideas, or decisions (Dijk, Engen, Knippenberg, 2009) .The differences in information and viewpoints may also give rise to task conflict and dissent; faced with the need to solve these conflicts and reconcile opposing views, team members may engage in more elaborate processing of task-relevant information and search for more creative problem solutions than would be the case in the absence of conflict and dissent (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). As a result, task conflict and dissent may be associated with better and more creative team performance (e.g., De Dreu, Harinck, van Vianen, 1999; Tjosvold, 1998). There is some literature suggesting that task conflict is negatively related to team performance (De Dreu Weingart, 2003b), and others state that it is not so much the presence or absence of conflict but instead the way conflicts are managed that helps or hinders teams to perform effectively (De Dreu Weingart, 2003a; Lovelace, Shapiro, Weingart, 2001; Simons Peterson, 2000; Tjosvold, 1998). Third, and perhaps most important, performance does not benefit from conflict and dissent per se but from the process that conflict and dissent is assumed to promote: the deep-level and creative processing of diverse information and viewpoints (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). However, the exchange of diverse information, ideas, and viewpoints may also stimulate such in-depth processing without conflict or dissent (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). This is why racial diverse teams can outperform, more homogeneous teams. The proposition that diverse teams may outperform more homogeneous teams follows from the reasoning that the exposure to more diverse information and perspectives may promote elaboration of task relevant information (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004).This, in turn, would be expected to lead to more thorough and creative information processing, problem solving, and decision making. Such expected outcomes, then, give rise to the proposition that diversity may benefit performance to the extent that performance requires information processing, creative and innovative idea generation and problem solving, and/or high quality decision making (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homa n, 2004), such as innovative performances. So whether racial diversity stimulates task-conflict or not, the fact that racial diversity promotes differences in information and viewpoints remains. These differences in information and viewpoints are beneficial for creativity, which results in improved innovative team performance. So as a result this papers states that, racial diversity has a positive effect on innovative performance through the enhanced creativity of the team, because of the differences in information and viewpoints that racial diversity provides. Organizations may increase their number of racial minorities, to better match the demographic characteristics of their significant customers in order to achieve a competitive edge in the market (Cox, 1994). As racioethnic populations (minorities), increase as a ratio of the whole population, it behoves organizations to adjust their human resource mix to reflect the target market they are attempting to reach (Richard, 2000). As firms reach out to a broader customer base, they need employees who understand particular customer preferences and requirements (Morrison, 1992). According to Cox Blake (1991), the insights and cultural sensitivity, that racial diversity, brings to a marketing effort improve an organizations ability to reach different market segments. These insights and cultural sensitivity can be of great important to the organization for the creation of new business ideas and the creation of innovations. It means that the organization has to compose racial diverse teams in o rder find out new market opportunities and business ideas. So from this perspective racial diversity has an positive effect on innovative team performance. Racial diversity also has a positive effect on innovative performance from a resource-based point of view. Human resources, particularly diverse resources, are protected by knowledge barriers and appear socially complex because they involve a mix of talents that are elusive and hard to understand (Lippman Rumelt, 1982). Knowledge-based resources depend upon large numbers of people of teams engaged in coordinated, creative action providing a firm competitive advantage (Barney, 1991; Hart, 1995). Therefore, an team with a diversity of perspectives should have more resources to draw on and should be more creative and innovative (Richard, 2000). Maznevski (1994), suggested that racial diversity, as a source of inherent and immutable differences, would provide teams with different kinds of information from which they could potentially benefit, but such differences would often be difficult for parties to understand and accept. These different kinds of information are especially valuable for the innovative performance of team. The different kinds of information are important for the creation of new ideas that could evolve in successful innovations. The fact that different parties could have problems with understanding the information and accepting it, seems very relevant for innovation projects, since innovative performance is depending on the creation of new ideas. So from this perspective racial diversity could have a positive, as well as a negative, effect on innovative team performance depending on how the problems with understanding the information and accepting it, are managed. Another important variable when looking at the influence of racial diversity on team performance is power differences. There is much theoretical and empirical support for the notion that paying attention to differences in power and status is critical for understanding diversity in organizations (Ely Thomas, 2001). According to Aldefer (1987) the distribution of power among cultural identity groups, both inside the organization and in the larger society, is key to how people think, feel and behave at work. Ely and Thomas (2001) state that different racial groups holds different status and power. In organizations, status differentials are reinforced when higher-status identity groups are disproportionately represented in positions of organizational authority and are challenged when they are not (Alderfer, 1987; Lau Murnighan, 1998). The distribution of power within could than have a negative as well as a positive effect on team ´s innovative performance. For racial diversity to hav e a positive impact on team performance, different identity groups should be equally distributed throughout the hierarchical position within the organization, so that there is not one overruling way of thinking within the organization. Another negative effect from racial diversity is, that differences in race could lead to the formation of subgroups. The social categorization perspective holds that similarities and differences are used as a basis for categorizing self and others into groups, with ensuing categorizations distinguishing between ones own in-group and one or more out-groups (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). Racial diversity, as part of the social categorization perspective, is one of these factors that lead to the categorizations. People tend to like and trust in-group members more than out-group members and thus generally tend to favor in-groups over out-groups (Brewer, 1979; Tajfel Turner, 1986; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, Wetherell, 1987). Consistent with research on similarity/attraction (Williams OReilly, 1998), this signifies that team members are more positively inclined toward their team and the people within it if fellow group members are similar rather than dissimilar to the self. Mo reover, categorization processes may produce subgroups within the team (i.e., â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†), and give rise to problematic inter-subgroup relations (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). As a result, the more homogeneous the team, the fewer relational conflicts will occur (Jehn et al., 1999; Pelled, Eisenhardt, Xin, 1999). Since racial diversity increases the heterogeneity of the team, the assumption is that racial diversity, as a source of visible differences, would incite intergroup bias and lead to negative outcomes for teams. These negative outcomes also occur in innovative workgroups. When organization are trying to innovate, they often put members of different teams (or organizations) together to come up with these innovations. This would mean that the intergroup relations of members of these different teams (or organizations) should be good. But categorization processes may produce subgroups within the team and give rise to problematic inter-subgroup relations (Knippenberg, de Dreu, Homan, 2004). When this is the case the team ´s innovative performance will decrease, because the problematic inter-subgroup relationships increase emotional conflict. In contrast to the earlier mentioned task conflict, emotional conflict tends to diminish performance (Pelled, Eisenhardt, Xin, 1999). Racial diversity can also have an impact on commitment. Findings suggest that individuals who are different from their team in racial background tend to be less psychological committed to their organizations (Tsui et al., 1992). Another result from this same research has indicated that absents takes places more often in racial diverse teams, than in teams that or more homogeneous when it comes to racial backgrounds. Tsui et al., (1992), also state that racial diverse members are less inclined to stay with the organizations, which implicates a higher amount of turnovers in racial diverse work teams. Although these effects are more on a individual level they could impact the whole organization. When the dissatisfied members leave the organization, the organization will then become more homogeneous and the positive effects of racial diversity could than possibly disappear. 7. Conclusion As a conclusion it is fair to say that racial diversity both has negative as well as positive effects on team performance. The negative effects of racial diversity on team performance are: Lower cohesion Intergroup bias Miscommunication Group conflict (can also be positive) Difficult to understand and accept information Relational conflict Decreased commitment More turnover. Even though racial diversity can have negative effects on the performance on teams, this paper has shown that there are also a lot of positive effects from racial diversity on team performance. These positive effects are: Out of the box thinking Higher quality ideas Creative problem solving Task conflict Creation of new ideas Deep-level and creative processing of diverse information and viewpoints Better match the demographic characteristics of their significant customers The insights and cultural sensitivity, that racial diversity, brings to a marketing effort improve an organizations ability to reach different market segments Different kinds of information This paper has shown that especially these positive effects are very relevant when looking at the radical innovation performance of teams. The creation of radical innovations is a complex task, that requires creative thinking, diverse information and multiple perspectives, since all innovation starts with creative ideas (Amabile, 1996). So it are the positive effects that are extremely relevant in the case of radical innovation. This is why racial diversity increases a team ´s radical innovation performance. 8. Discussion Theoretical implications The goal of this research was to find out what the advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity within a team are with respect to the innovative performance of the a team. By studying literature on racial diversity this paper has come to a clear overview of positive and negative effects. The practical relevance of this study is that the results have shown that especially the positive effects of racial diversity are beneficial for the creation of radical innovations in teams. This could be usefully for managers of organization, trying to increase the innovative performance of the organization. They should try to increase the diversity of the teams in their organizations. The scientific relevance of this paper is that it has separated racial diversity from other types of diversity. A lot of literature mixes different types of diversity in their studies, which makes it unclear what the effects of different types of diversity are on team performance. This paper has provided a clear overview of the effects of one type of diversity, namely racial diversity, on one type of team performance, namely innovative performance. As stated before, the social relevance of this study will be low, since it is not likely that this paper will have an impact on society. Managerial implications This research could be very useful for managers as innovation is a key factor in organizations ability to create a sustainable competitive advantage (cf. Zhou Shalley, 2008) and organizations are increasingly relying on teams for innovation (Ilgen, Hollenbeck, Johnson, Jundt, 2005). This makes it important for managers to compose the right teams to work on innovation project. This paper has shown that it is best for managers, to compose a team that is racial diverse, since racial diversity has positive effects on the innovative outcomes of teams. Limitations and recommendations One of the limitations of this paper is that there are only a limited amount of articles studied. There are so many articles about different types of diversity and their effects on group performance that it is hard to take them all into consideration. Another limitation is that research doesn ´t include moderation effects. Some authors have indicated that since both negative as well as positive effects of racial diversity have been found, it is time to do more research about moderating effects. As van Knippenberg, De Dreu, Homan (2004) say it: `The state of the science thus suggests that in order to advance our understanding of the relationship between diversity and performance, we should look for moderators of the diversity-performance relationship`. This is a recommendation for further research on the topic of the effects of racial diversity on team performance. Another recommendations is that more research, that directly studies the relationship between racial diversity and innovative team performance is needed. This paper has studied effects of racial diversity on group performance, and then made a link to innovative performance, by using the characteristics of radical innovations. A direct research could increase the reliability of the results that were found in this research. 9. references. Aldefer, C.P. (1987). An intergroup perspective on group dynamics. Handbook of organizational behavior. 190-219 Cox, T.H., Blake, S., (1991). Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5 (3):45-56 Ely, R.J. Thomas, D.A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2): 229-273. Curseu, P.L. (2007). Complexity in organizations. Pearson Education Ltd. London GB. Ilgen, D. R., Hollenbeck, J. R., Johnson, M., Jundt, D. 2005. Teams in organizations: from input-pr