Brett Ashley and the novel The Sun Also Rises

I must admit that my views of Brett Ashley have now changed upon reading the article by Lorie Watkins Fulton.   I think that it is very easy to blame her and her manipulative and destructive tendencies for the evil that works itself into the novel The Sun Also Rises.   That is the overriding conclusion not only of the narrator Jake Barnes, but also of nearly all of the critics of the work to date.   That creates a rather compelling point of view for us.   However, I now find it hard to place all of the blame on her character and am beginning to wonder if she is, in fact, maligned. Fulton makes a great case right away by reminding us of the completely paradoxical nature of Hemingway’s narrative.   If we are to believe that is true of the whole story, then it becomes hard to see Ashley only in one light.   How are we to believe that everyone else in the book is multi-layered but poor Ashley?   Why should we trust Barnes about this one aspect and observation of his when he proves not trustworthy about the others?   Finally, and most convincingly, it is hard to blame Ashley when we read of Jake Barnes’ obviously flawed personal observations and biases that he brings to the table: his words about the flower girl down on the street own up to the fact that he sees her as a manipulator just like all of her sex are.This outlandish assignment of character flaw with gender should have provided a useful lens through which we could begin to see Ashley in a much more favorable light.   It shows the power of literary critics in influencing us to one point of view, just as effectively as Jake Barnes did.Langston Hughes’ main theme and main concern is the loneliness and struggle of the black man, the Negro.   This poem is crafted well to show us this theme in a different and unexpected light.   Rather than explaining the struggles the Negro faces, and cataloging all of the well known facts of race in America, Hughes compares it to othe r elements that tell the same story metaphorically.   It is as if Hughes has decided that anyone reading The Weary Blues is already familiar with the issues and basic facts and is ready for a new way of seeing the history through one person but for all people.   His poem takes on color to demonstrate his concern.The title seems obvious: it must be about the type of song the old man is singing.   Surely it is, but it’s more than that.   The poem puts the color blue right up there at the top for us to see the sadness and tiredness that Negros feel.   Hughes then goes on to tell us the plight of the black man through use of the artist’s palette.   We see ‘pale’ on line 5, ebony on line 9, ivory on line 9, black on line 15, and of course ‘blues’ 7 different times.   Why all the color?   Hughes’ theme is the tired condition of the black’s struggle, the overwhelming and consuming aspect of it.   His use of colors spea ks loudly.   Blues, of course, represents the all present sadness of the people.   That is clear.   That is easy.   But look at the other things going on, too.   Pale light is a diminished opportunity.   The black man is not allowed the full brightness of spectrum, the American dream.It is in sharp contrast to that enjoyed by the white race.   Hughes says this by not just saying that the black man is playing a piano down there on the avenue.   That wouldn’t be enough.   What he says is that he had his â€Å"ebony hands on each ivory key† (9).   That contrast of ebony and ivory, black and white, says it all.   Everything we hear from the black man, the mourning of the blues, is a discussion and revelation of his everlasting struggle as a black man in a white world.The story of Mrs. Turpin in Revelation is one of those stories that really gets into me and make me want to take part.   I want to get right in and grab Mrs. Turpin by the shoulders wit h my reactions!   She may be the biggest hypocrite I have ever read about.   What makes her that way the most to me is that she is constantly referring to her position as given by Jesus himself.   O’Connor writes that Mrs. Turpin was made a better class by Jesus’ decision, and that Jesus is perfectly aware that there are many worse classes of people.She refers to this blessing over and over while reminding herself what a good type of woman she is, what a god fearing woman she is, when the reader wants to just grab her and wake her up from this delusion.   I see the opportunities for grace everywhere for Mrs. Turpin.   Where she sees so many faults in other people, she could have talked with them instead of to them.   She could have offered to really help them and not in a self-serving manner like when she helped Claude to a chair by announcing just how much they deserved one over the others who had been there first.   I really thought that she might reall y experience the grace instead of just an opportunity for it when she got home and started thinking about the wart hogs.   It seemed like she really got it for once.But then she sees those black folk and gets right back on her horse, and she has them make her feel better about the way she is! She knew that if she raised doubts about herself they would make her feel superior again, by lifting her up, and by making themselves look stupid to her!   Sadly this is one of the ways that I see this work as Southern, too.   It keeps returning to basic themes of race and religion over and over.   It is a story of defining class and making sure everyone knows their place accordingly.   This is a hallmark of Southern type stories.

Who was a better leader, Joseph Smith or Brigham Young?

Joseph Smith was an important religious figure who founded Mormonism. He was faithful, driven, and a strong speaker, but was easily tempered. Joseph Smith had his great contributions and failures, and after his death the new Mormon leader became Brigham Young, who also made great contributions to the Mormon movement, but just as Joseph Smith he had his failures. Joseph Smith was born in 1805. While Smith was growing up, there was a great religious revival taking place in New York State. When he was fourteen, Smith was finding this very confusing, and began to pray for guidance. Smith then claimed that a pillar of light appeared before him, and told him not to join any religious sects. Later as he was growing up, Smith experienced a vision from the angel Moroni, who told him that God had work for him to accomplish. The angel told Smith that a book written upon gold plates was deposited. The book gave accounts of former inhabitants of this continent and their source. The angel then told Smith where to find the book, and he dug it up on a hillside near Manchester. The book gave a different story from the Bible. According to the book, lost Israeli tribes migrated to America before the birth of Christ. There they fought each other until Christ was born and established his Church. Then the fighting began again, and one of the survivors, Mormon, wrote down records of his people on the plates. The person who found these plates was to restore the Church of Christ in America. Smith wouldn't let anyone check the plates to check his honesty, and said he had returned them to the hillside. Smith then published a translation of the plates in 1830. Smith started with just five followers, but his speaking and persuasions kills were very strong, and by the end of 1830 he had several hundred followers. However they were very unpopular in New York State because people claimed that Smith was only trying to make money and his book was offensive. His house was attacked and followers were shot in the streets. Smith then prayed for guidance, he took his followers Kirtland, Ohio. There he planned to set up a City of God. In Kirtland, the Mormon movement flourished greatly, reaching a thousand followers by 1831. They even founded colonies in Missouri. They worked very hard and soon had a store, bank, printing press and a mill. They soon outnumbered the non-Mormons. However their success increased the envy and hatred of the others. Very unfortunately for the Mormons, in 1837 there was a economic crisis, making many banks collapse. Many non-Mormons had put their savings into the Mormon bank, and when it collapsed, they were chased out of Kirtland. The Mormons and their leader, Joseph Smith, then went to the colonies they had set up in Missouri, but this didn't increase their popularity. Attempts were made to stop them from voting, and the local settlers destroyed property. When the government sent in troops to make order, the Mormons were blamed for everything, put in prison, and condemned to death. Then rumours began to go around that they were freeing slaves and upsetting Indians, making the government declare them as public enemies. In 1838 the Mormons were released from prison, they went to a very small town of Commerce in Illinois, which Smith renamed Nauvoo. The Mormons were allowed to develop it into and independent city state. They prospered cooperatively, and in 1844 Nauvoo was the biggest city in Illinois, dominated by the giant temple. The Mormons, now at 35,000 were trying to create an ideal society with no poor, homeless, smoking or drinking. Many of the poor converted, promised salvation. The Mormons were finally settled. However this was ruined by Smith's serious mistakes. He said that the idea of polygamy was right, leading to many Mormons calling him false, and a lot of criticism in the newspapers. This angered Smith and he destroyed the presses of the newspaper. His critics then asked for him to be arrested, and he was put into jail in Carthage. Once the news about polygamy spread to the non-Mormons, they were enrages. They shot Smith in the prison, and Mormons were hunted down by mobs. After the death of Joseph Smith, the new leader of the Mormons became Brigham Young. He decided that the Mormons would leave to the Great Salt Lake in 1846. Young was very organized and down-to earth, and very determined. He also married eight of Smith's former wives, so he was very considerate. Preparations took all winter, and then the Mormons finally began their journey. They passed many dangers even though the journey was well organized, such as the prairie weather and plague that killed hundreds of people. On their way to the Great Salt Lake, they met Jim Bridger, a mountain man who warned them that it would be too cold for growing corn, but was ignored. They also passed Sam Brannan, a Mormon who told them to go to California. Young replied that he is looking for a desolate place. They climbed on upwards, and by July they reached the Great Salt Lake. Young had total control over his community; they trusted and believed in him, and so although he had many challenges to overcome, he knew he'd be able to build a Mormon City. Young decided that there would be no private ownership of land or water, and land would be assigned to people according to their needs by the church. Everything was going well, but in 1848 the US defeated Mexico in war and gained territories including part of the Great Salt Lake. Young decided to form a Mormon state called Deseret, but the US government refused and a compromise was made and the territory of Utah was created, and Young was governor. Young organized and developed Utah very well, building new towns and making farming and wheat production a success. He was sure that the Mormons would be self-sufficient. Young also sent out missionaries to convert people, and got an amazing result. There was an immigration fund set up to help converts pay for their passage to Salt Lake and organize it. However the Mormons weren't very self-sufficient and still didn't have enough workers or money for industrial development. Education wasn't much of an achievement either. Tension also grew between the Mormons and the outsiders when converts began to move to Utah. Many bad rumours spread about the Mormons. It was suspicious to the outsiders that the Mormons had converted some of the Indians, and so rumours spread that they were planning to kill all gentiles together. The US government decided to emphasize their authority, and in 1857 an army of 2500 men was sent out to march against the Mormons, who fled to Salt Lake City. This worked very well and the army ended up not reaching Salt Lake City. Then the Mountain Meadow Massacre took place. As 140 emigrants were heading for California, they passed Utah. They abused Indian converts and insulted the Mormons. This provoked the Indians to attack them. The Indians and the Mormons killed all the emigrants to stop the news from spreading out. The Mormons then blamed everything on the Indians. But soon newspapers spread the story, begging for the Mormons to be punished. The US government sent troops out again, causing the Mormon families to flee. But when the news reached the East, the Mormons were suddenly turned into victims. In 1858 the US government offered them a full forgiveness if they accepted the US authority. They agreed, a governor was appointed, and they were allowed to develop in peace. Their true leader was still Brigham Young. However polygamy was still a disagreement. When Utah applied to become a state, the US offered to let them become a state if they accepted the ban of polygamy. They agreed, and Utah was made a state in 1896. Both of the men faced challenges, found solutions, and left a positive impact on the Mormon movement. Joseph Smith was very driven and determined and wouldn't accept defeat. He was a great public speaker with a lot of charisma, and thereby converted many people into Mormonism. He was a business man and established banks. Smith was very intelligent because he created a thriving business and a new religion. He was also a great leader before he was jailed. He was also clever to establish colonies in Missouri, to which the Mormons fled out of Kirtland. Brigham Young managed to leave a very positive impact on the Mormon movement as well. He was a great leader, and his people believed in him and trusted him. He was very organized and more down to earth than Smith. He managed to organize the long and difficult journey to the Great Salt Lake. When they faced cold weather in the winter, he arranged the winter quarters where they stayed. He also had total control over his community and established a thriving city in the Great Salt Lake. He developed a great law of land being given to people according to their needs. He also negotiated well with the US government, eventually receiving the land of Utah. His missionaries to convert people were a big success, and he built new towns in Utah, as well as making faming and wheat-production a success. He also established a great immigration fund for immigrant converts. He made a right and down-to earth decision when he accepted anti-polygamy, finally making Utah a State. He was also very considerate; he had the answers to the Mormons' problems, carried them through after the death of smith, and married all of Smith's wives. He left a long-time impact, and after his death Salt Lake City was prosperous, the power of the Church was finally established through his system of government, and many of his foundations still remain today. Both of the Mormon leaders also had failures. Joseph Smith's strong temper got him into jail twice. He was also too ambitious, and his ideas of polygamy ruined the Mormons' peace in the land they were finally free in. When his banks collapsed, this added tension to the Mormons' relationship with the outside world even more, and made them seem unreliable and too ambitious. By the time he presented his ideas about polygamy, his people didn't believe in him anymore because he had gotten them into jail, and so his leadership image was ruined. Brigham Young had failures as well. Although his planning for the Great Salt Lake journey was good, they still faced challenges and people died on the way. He also didn't manage to establish a law to allow polygamy. They also weren't as self-sufficient as he planned, and they lost money when their iron, pottery and textile attempts didn't succeed. They also didn't achieve much in the education area. The emigrants also complained of overcharging, and relations between Mormons and the outsiders remained difficult. Overall, Brigham Young definitely left a bigger positive impact on the Mormon movement. He was much more down-to-earth than Smith, and his people remained believing in him until his death. Even when Utah was appointed a new governor, he still remained their spiritual leader. Young managed to make Utah a state where Mormons continued to live after his death. Many of his foundations still remain today. The power of the Church was firmly established through his system of government, and Salt Lake City was prosperous after his death. Many Mormons remain in the world today. Young didn't get the Mormons into jail or disappoint them like Smith did, and carried them through his death. Smith had minimal achievements compared to Young, and died in shame and disapproval unlike Young, who left a great impact after his death.

An Explanation of How Play and Activitie

An explanation of how play and stateless are used to support speech, language and communication Play situation can be set up to teach particular vocabulary or language concepts. Play can be structured to reinforce or over learn this language, and then later the children will, hopefully, incorporate the same language in their own play. Play can give the opportunity to relate language to something concrete; something that can be directly experienced. This ensures that language is used meaningfully, which is especially important for children.Play can lead to the exploration and development of reticular manipulative skills, organizational skills, imagination and reading and writing skills. For instance, dressing and undressing dolls helps the children develop their own dressing skills, while role-play can develop a depth of understanding In topic work and allows for reading and writing with a purpose. Play dough with circular cutters- the children will have the opportunity to manipulate the play dough, press the shapes and have the satisfaction of seeing the result of their action. This activity relates to the circle theme and encourages the use of language-e. : round,circular and so on. Nursery rhymes, songs and using musical instrument can help children to listen and take turns, but also to sing and communicate. Some nursery rhymes can help children to practice particular speech sounds. Books can help to increase vocabulary and help children to learn the meanings of words. Some books can help children to participate, for example a book that makes musical sounds when a picture Is pressed. Books can also be made specifically to meet a childs Interests and so encourage the child to point or vocalizes.When children interact with puppets and make them talk and Interact with one another, they are also Involved In dramatic play. This type of play Is excellent for developing language and for expressing feelings. Fantasy play strengthens memory for both narrative information and lists of objects. Language is embedded in play of all kinds and especially in codification play. Children have opportunities to hear others use speech correctly and to increase their vocabulary. In negotiating roles and disputes, children develop linguistic and conversational skills. Children continue to form and modify concepts through play.

LLM DEGREE MARITIME LAW COLLISION SCENARIO Essay

LLM DEGREE MARITIME LAW COLLISION SCENARIO - Essay Example The second rule that relates to steam ships required steam vessels on different courses to pass on different port sides to reduce the risk of collision. The London Trinity House also laid down a rule for vessels under sail, which required sailing vessels on the tack to give way for a vessel on the starboard tack. This was followed by a collusion of the two Trinity rules of steam vessels through an 1846 act of parliament that saw their inclusion in the Navigation act. In 1858, there was an addition to the Navigation act which saw the addition of regulations on colored side lights for sailing vessels and fog signals for both sailing and steam vessels. In 1863 however, there was a complete change to the Navigation act which saw a new set of rules drawn by the British Board of Trade in consolation with the French government: vessels that were meeting end-on or near end –on were to alter their course to starboard. Every vessel that was overtaking another was to keep away from the v essel being overtaken. By the end of the year 1864, these regulations and others were adopted by over 30 maritime countries including the United States and Germany as Maritime articles.1 1Simon Baughen, Shipping Law (London: Routledge, 2009), 21. The year 1880 saw minor changes to the articles with a requirement for whistle signals to be given by steam vessels as a way of indicating the direction they were taking and therefore avoid collision. 1884 also saw a minor addition of an article that specified the signals that could be used by a vessel in distress, thus bringing the total number of articles to 27. In 1889 for the first time, there was a conference in Washington that sought to consider the regulations for collision at sea. New provisions were put in place requiring a stand on vessel to keep her speed and course. Vessels were also to avoid crossing in front of the other vessel and steamship permission to carry a second white light was also included. Another Maritime conferenc e was held in 1910, which mainly insisted on the Washington regulations with only some minor changes. Another international conference on Safety of life at Sea was held in 1948, which saw minor revisions which came into effect in 1954. This was followed by another international conference in 1960 that saw an addition of a new paragraph in the exiting regulations and better definition of the wordings. In 1972 COLREGs, the article was designed to replace the collision Regulations of 1960. There were several minor changes that were made in the Collision acts in the years following 1972 until in 1995 when the Merchant Shipping Act was introduced, that sought to consolidate the shipping acts from 1894-1995 and other enactments. Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at sea (1972) governs the Merchant Shipping Act on all water crafts, either personal or public, which is classified as a ship.2 2Susan Hodges, Law Of Marine Insurance (London: Routledge, 1996), 23. Main 1. Who do colregs apply to? This is well stipulated in rule of the preventing sea collisions convention which defines the application of the rules as: these rules apply to all vessels upon the high seas and the waters that are connected with navigable seagoing vessels. Nothing in the rules so specified shall interfere with the special rules that have been made by any authority. Nothing in the rules shall interfere with the special rules that may have been made by the government or any particular state. Traffic

Gerome (Napoleon In Egypt) v.s Manet (Gypsy with Cigarette) Term Paper

Gerome (Napoleon In Egypt) v.s Manet (Gypsy with Cigarette) - Term Paper Example Romanticism and Impressionism were among these artistic movements. The paintings of two major painters of these two movements have been taken for discussion in the paper. The first painter is Jean-Leon Gerome from Romantic Movement, and the second painter is Edouard Manet from impressionist movement. The masterpieces of these two painters we have taken are â€Å"Napoleon in Egypt,† and â€Å"Gypsy with Cigarette.† Before discussing the two masterpieces of these painters from two movements, it is necessary to understand the background of these two movements. Keywords: artistic movement, France, romanticism, impressionism, Napoleon in Egypt, Gypsy with Cigarette Romanticism and impressionism: The period of Romanticism has the element of heroism. This heroic element was combined with revolutionary idealism to produce a style. The painting called â€Å"Napoleon in Egypt,† has the qualities of a typical romantic movement painting. Impressionism or impressionist moveme nt started first in France at the end of 19th Century. The major concern of impressionists was the effect of light on an object rather than the exact presentation of the form. Vivid colours were basically used than the dull or dark colours. This movement is also known as optical realism as it focuses on actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of object. Equation 1Napoleon in Egypt Napoleon in Egypt Middle East and Northern Africa had been the centre of attraction for many artists from romantic era. The artists such as Delacroix, Jean-Leon Gerome (1824–1904), Theodore Chasseriau (1819–1856), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910), travelled to the near East such as Egypt, and other Arab countries. Orientalist painting was the popular form of art and painting in the nineteenth century and it was greatly influenced by artists' direct experience of everyday life in Cairo and other Near Easter n cities and settlements. The genre of the painting is associated with heroism. Jean-Leon Gerome was a French painter as well as sculptor. He strongly opposed the movement of impressionism started by Monet and Manet. He continued to cherish and develop the French Neo-classicism. Like other artists in 19th century Jean- Leon Gerome had attracted towards East. Somewhere the superiority complex of the Western painters reflects in their painting. That might be the reason why Gerome has painted the picture of Napoleon as a warrior. Somewhere the painting represents the obsession of imperialism and establishing complete dominance on East. Jean- Leon Gerome belongs to the romantic era of art and sculpture. Some of the major attributes of Romanticism has been represented by the painting of Napoleon in Egypt. The major characteristics of Romanticism are as follows: Nationalism and Exoticism Subjectivity Vivid and passionate artwork Heroism The painting of Napoleon in Egypt has almost all the characteristics of the romantic era. It represents the nationalism as well as exoticism. Nationalism was one of the important vehicles of Romanticism. It was the era of major political changes in France. Napoleon became the inspiration for the painters like Jean- Leon Gerom. The pride of winning the world is reflected on the face of Napoleon which must be the pride of the painter. While painting Napoleon, Jean- Leon Gerome might have been patriotic. It was because Napoleon belonged to the same country where Jean- Leon Gerome was

Mindfulness, Professionalism and Healing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mindfulness, Professionalism and Healing - Essay Example In addition to my experience with the films and the readings, witnessing my aunt visiting a nurse for help was just evidence on the power of the nursing. Despite having three kids, the size of the building she had was a hindrance to giving adequate care for the younger ones. Taking her time to visit the nurses was a life changing moment since she was given every kind of empathy, mindfulness and healing that she required. Intuitively, in order to realize the importance of nursing system to families I had to relate my aunt’s experiences with the nurses on the basis of the three aspects: of empathy, mindfulness and healing . Rationally, my aunt was a low income earner who could not acquire enough resources to secure his family. As if the scarcity is not enough punishment, my aunt gave birth to three kids of which all of them required care from her. For instance the children were a subject to food consumption, shelter and clothes to wear which my aunt could not adequately offer. Just the same to my aunt situation, David Bornstein in â€Å"The Power of Nursing† introduces his article with an intriguing question to depict the state of some individuals in the society† The following is a statement and question put forward by Bornstein: â€Å"In 2010, 5.9 million children were reported as abused or neglected in the United States. If you were a policy maker and you knew of a program that could cut this figure in half, what would you do?† (Bornstein, 2012) The above quote depicts children who are abused and neglected in the same way as my aunt who is going through a crisis of taking care of her three children in her small hut. The act of mindfulness comes in when Bornstein talks about Nurse-Family partnership as the best way to save this group of people. Nurse-Family partnership comes in handy as it is the only right way of harmonizing the gap between the poor and the rich. No matter what background an individual comes from, the program arranges for registered

Economic effects on high school media centers (libraries) Dissertation - 1

Economic effects on high school media centers (libraries) - Dissertation Example Rather, there are some who fail to see the importance of having an updated, fully functional library in every school which hopes to produce the minds that will further develop the world. This factor has been a major downfall for the system, as each economic recession in these areas costs these high school media centers a significant portion of their funding. It is significant to study the numerous ways in which a recession can affect the functioning of the world. This is because the severity of a recession can be very pertinent to the quality of life in an economy, as it affects several aspects of the economy. As research shows, the effects of a recession are apparent in several important economic indicators, such as real personal income, retail sale and food services, industrial production and employment (Gascon, 2009). All these indicators show different ways in which the health of an economy can be measured. Exploring some other indicators, which are perhaps not so commonly used t o measure the wellbeing of an economy, may help give a deeper perspective on how the economy functions and affects people on an individual level. To understand the impact of an economic recession on the use and funding of library resources serves the purpose of such an indicator. This is because this factor represents an important way in which the community helps the youth develop intellectually and gain information on their own. Thus, measuring the effects on this factor following a recession indicates how much the youth’s education is impacted by a recession-stricken economy. If research proves a strong link between the two variables, this signals the need for the government and other authorities to monitor the effects of future recessions carefully so that they do not lead to irrecoverable damage. Effect on Role of Media Centers and Technicians The role of the media specialists of such libraries observes a notable effect in times of economic recession. According to some ex perts (n.d., 2010), their role becomes increasingly important in when an economic recession strikes a place like Georgia. This is because media centers such as the ones found in high schools or the ones open for the public are traditionally available to everyone as a free source of information, through the access of books, magazines, newspaper archives, CDs and other types of media. Thus, when people feel the negative effects of recessions and budget cuts, they approach these libraries for help (n.d., 2010). This can be to look for more sources of employment, to study further and gain further education or to try applying for a job with the civil services. These libraries are an immense help to such people. They are greatly helpful in assisting them in applying for jobs online, as well as finding study material for civil service exams. These libraries are also known for the help they offer these people in making their resumes, as well as obtaining further education which will be requ ired for other jobs. Thus, it is true that these US libraries serve a very important purpose for their citizens, especially in their times of need, which is

Computed Tomography (CT scan) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Computed Tomography (CT scan) - Research Paper Example The last two decades have seen popularity in terms of the increase of usage and new technological implications that can enhance this machine to produce even more detailed imaging solutions in the future. That being said, the potential side effects of this imaging that have been known to cause cancer or kidney problems in most cases, make a strong case against the development and use of such a technology. This paper will elaborate on the technology and its usage with a study on the potential side effects of this kind of imaging. It will also shed light on is wide spread application in today’s medical world and means through which the harmful implications from the use of radiation technology of CT scanning can be minimized. The word tomography is derived from the Greek language where ‘tomo’ means ‘slice’ and ‘graphien’ means ‘write’ (Medical News Today, 2013). The technology basically involves the creation of 3-D imaging with the help of many 2-D images taken of the body, referring to the ‘slicing’ of images. First introduced in the 1970s, the technology has come a long way as far as the mechanism and clinical usage patterns of this technology are concerned. Starting off with the technology itself, computing tomography or Ct scanning conventionally makes use of an x-ray tube and sensory detectors that rotate behind the circular surface of the scanning head. Several functional options enable doctors to focus on a specialized scan that may be used to evaluate a specific body part for example blood vessels, nerves or bones. As the rotation takes place several mages are captured and collected as sonograms. These multiple sonograms are then made into information that can be interpreted. Sonograms combine through tomographic reconstruction to produce a series of cross sectional images. There are various types of mathematical and geometric techniques that can be used for this conversion, like linear algebra, filtered back

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH - Essay Example The first is on the issue of disclosing all the information to the participants including all the risks of the trial or to just disclose the most important of the information and let the rest of the information be disclosed after the trial as a debrief. The dilemma comes in where the full disclosure of all the information to the participants may lead to some of them not giving informed consent and opting out in which case it will take longer to find others without any guarantee that they will also stay throughout the whole exercise. The lack of disclosure will lead to signing the consent and the trial continuing as scheduled (Gad, 2009). The other ethical dilemma comes in in the issue of publication of the findings of the clinical trial. The clinical trial may be marked with several problems which may render the drug unfriendly to most people. If this information is released to the public through the findings, the drug may either be banned from manufacture and production or harm many people. On the other hand, the lack of issuing of publication will mean that no one will know of the drug and hence the whole process of research and trial will have just been a waste of time and money and hence a loss which many pharmaceutical companies cannot handle (Verdu-Pacual and Ponce, 2001). They therefore have to make the hard choice of risking the lives of people and a future lawsuit by publishing or cutting their losses and going back to the drawing board. Lastly is the issue of patent rights versus the rights of patients. A patent lasts for 4 years at which point it is given to another company or group. Every company wants to maximize these 4 years in order to have covered the expenses of production and made enough profit to sustain them (Lo, 2012). The dilemma comes in where in order to be able to do this within this short time, they have to overcharge the consumers for the drugs which is considered totally unethical and even inhumane and especially if the

Teaching English Language Learners in the Content AreasMathematics Essay

Teaching English Language Learners in the Content AreasMathematics - Essay Example To address these challenges, there is need for teachers to employ specific strategies that can improve students learning experience and further improve performance among them (Egbert & Ernst-Slavit, 2010). To ensure that students engage meaningfully and that they benefit from each other when learning mathematics, I suggest collaborative learning to be applied in class. Under this strategy, the teacher forms groups of four or five students, with each group containing an English native speaker. It is also ensured that students work with diverse student backgrounds; a factor that allows each student to get exposed to different cultures. This strategy relies on the finding that collaborative learning among students can help break language barriers better compared to direct teacher-student interaction (Anahalt, Farias & Farias, 2009). One of the main benefits of collaborative learning is that it fosters friendship among students from diverse backgrounds. Students, therefore, learn to rely on each other in a positive way when solving mathematics problems. Collaborative learning, in this case, uses diversity as a tool for learning rather than a challenge for English language learners. Additionally, this strategy promotes socially constructed learning, where the teacher acts as a mediator. The teacher uses language to monitor interactions within social relationships that in this case are groups of students. This benefit relies on the proposition that what individuals are made up of and how they think are functions of their social relationships. This strategy equally provides a rich language, encourages thinking, and consequently yields high-level academic performance among ELLs (Anahalt, Farias & Farias, 2009). One of the technologies presented by Grandgenett, Harris and Hofer (2009), is the virtual manipulative that allows teachers and students to concretely represent abstract

Why I Joined the Marine Corps Essay Example for Free

Why I Joined the Marine Corps Essay In this paper I will illustrate the fallowing two points: â€Å"why I joined the United States Marine Corps and how as an anti tank guided missileman with the billet of driver; I can be useful to not only TOW platoon but the current second section. I will begin by explaining chronologically the events that led me into making the life altering decision to join America’s finest fighting force, the tip of the spear, those who run not away from but towards the sounds of the gun; The United States Marine Corps. I shall than thoroughly and objectively examine the billet of driver within an infantry platoon; and elucidate on how this billet (job) is useful. I will then proceed to illustrate as one who hold the hence forth mentioned billet how it is or can be useful to tow platoon. My decision to join the military in general I believe subconsciously started when my older brother returned from Army basic training. While my brother was a pretty smart guy he had never really been to apply himself nor did he have the drive to, but whatever had happened to him during army basic training had made a change in him; a change for the best. He came back and the transformation was evident in every single one of his actions and thoughts. He had a drive to accomplish all of his goals dreams and aspiration, not only that he had the discipline necessary to stay on his new found path. I went on to college in the fall fallowing his return from basic training not sure if these new traits and strength I saw in him would continue or disappear. When I returned home that fall after my first semester and talked to him and I saw the changes had stayed with him and grown even further. With all that he had used the tools he had been given to accomplish so much in already so little of time. All that stayed in my head, but it did not become relevant to me until my sophomore year of college. I realized that while I was doing well, I was simply just going through the motions. That’s when I made the decision to join the military. I first though I would join the army like my brother, however through a series of events and a need to surpass my brother I decided to join the few the proud The United States Marine Corp. I joined with the fallowing goals and mindset. I wanted to use the Marine Corps to not only further my education but focus it. I joined with the idea that once I got in I would have the drive and tools necessary to not only continue my education but just as my brother had done; I would strive to accomplish my dreams goals and aspirations with even more passion. Whether or not this has happened, is still to be determined. I think I’m still at the eve of my Marine Corps, wherever this institution will be able to help me accomplish what I hoped it would do career so that is all still up in the air. Now onto the subject of what I can contribute to tow platoon as driver. The job a driver within tow platoon as I understand it is to: â€Å"Know all the vehicle formation, all mounted IA drill, be able to maintain and upkeep the vehicle(s) assigned to him as to lessen the load of the vehicle commander; he should also know and understand the job and knowledge of one billet above and below (in this case only above)†. As such those would be my contribution to the platoon as a driver in town platoon second section. In summary I joined The united states Marine Corps with the purpose of furthering my education, and canalizing my energy and thoughts towards my aspirations, and work. Currently it seems like all of that will have to be at a standstill until the opportunity arises to forge forward with the aforementioned plans. On the subject of my contributions as a driver, I must maintain and increase my knowledge of what the driver is suppose know and be able to do; thus I will be able to contribute to tow platoon and second section by simply doing factions of the billet assigned to me.

Multimedia Basics Essay Example for Free

Multimedia Basics Essay Application of Multimedia: Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, and scientific research applications. A few application areas of multimedia are listed below: Entertainment and Fine Arts: In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia. Education: In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment. Engineering: Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces are often done as collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers. Industry: In the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training, advertising and selling products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based technologies. Mathematical and Scientific Research: In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia. Medicine: In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it. Multimedia System Architecture: Multimedia encompasses a large variety of technologies and integration of multiple architectures interacting in real time. All of these multimedia capabilities must integrate with the standard user interfaces such as Microsoft Windows. The following figure describes the architecture of a multimedia workstation environment. From the above figure: the left side is very similar to non-multimedia systems. Right side shows the architecture of multimedia supporting system. Multimedia Extensions is used to enhance the speed of process. The add-on multimedia devices and peripherals include scanner, video camera, VCR, and sound equipment along with their associated device controllers. For each of these special devices, a special software device driver is needed to provide the interface from the application to the device. The graphical user interface designed primarily for windows managed by applications at fixed resolution; require control to extensions to support applications such as full-motion video or remote desktop. Evolving Technologies for Multimedia Systems: Multimedia applications use a number of technologies generated for both commercial business application as well as the video game industry. Let us review some of these technologies in this section. Hypermedia Document: Hypermedia documents are documents which have text, embedded or linked multimedia objects such as image, audio, hologram, or full-motion video. Hypertext: Hypertext implements the organization of non-sequential of data by natural association of information. Hypertext systems allow authors to link information together; create information paths through a large volume of related text in documents. It also allows annotating existing text, and appending notes. It allows fast and easy searching and reading of selected excerpts. Hyperspeech Multimedia stimulated the development of general-purpose speech interfaces. Speech synthesis and speech recognition are fundamental requirement for hyperspeech systems. Speech recognition is nothing but converting the analog speech into a computer action and into ASCII text. Speech-recognition systems cannot segment a stream of sounds without breaks into meaningful units. The user must speak in a stilted fashion. He should make sure to interpose silence between each word. 3D and Holography: Three-dimensional technologies are concerned with two areas: pointing devices and displays. 3-D pointing devices are essential to manipulate object in a 3-D display system. 3-D displays are achieved using holography techniques. Digital Signal Processing: Digital Signal Processing is used in applications such as digital servos in hard disk drives, and fax/modems. DSP technology is used in Digital wireless communications, such as personal communication networks (pens), wireless local area networks and digital cordless phones. DSP Architectures and Applications: A typical DSP operating system architecture would contain the following subsystems: Memory Management: DSP architectures provide dynamic allocation of arrays from multiple segments, including RAM, SRAM and DRAM. Hardware-Interrupt handling: A DSP operating system must be designed to minimize hardware interrupt latency to ensure fast response to real time events for applications, such as servo systems. Multitasking: DSPs need  real-time kernels that provide pre-emptive multitasking and user-defined and dynamic task prioritization.

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide information Interpretation of British American Tobacco plc (BAT) in terms of historical record, comparative financial indicators, and position in the market along with key value drivers for the company and performance indicators. This is done by analysing the information provided in the historical and present financial statements. About British American Tobacco Revenue Analysis British American Tobacco is a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange, which has direct and indirect stakes in several companies together constituting to be the British American Tobacco Group of companies. The group achieved gross turnover of GBP 40,713 million with revenues amounting to GBP 14,208 Million in the year 2009. There are more than 250 brands in their portfolio with Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike Paul Mall being their flagship cigarette brands which are together sold in more than 120 countries with total sales constituting 196 Billion cigarette units (Annual Report, 2009). The company follows the accounting cycle starting 1st January of the calendar year ending on 31st December of the same calendar year. The company currently has 95,710 employees on its payrolls. It sold 724 Billion cigarette units in the same year and has production capabilities in 50 cigarette factories based in 41 countries. British American Tobacco is the second largest tobacco company in the world (Excluding China), while it has 6.4% share of the UK market, dominant players being Imperial Tobacco Japan Tobacco International (Nielsen Data, Feb 2010). 74% of BATs sales come from the developing countries emerging economies (Annual Report, 2009). Revenue by Geography BATs largest market lies in Western Europe which accounted for 27.3% of its total revenues in FY 2009. BAT saw an increase of 20.7% from the revenues it had registered in the FY 2008. Asia Pacific accounted for 23% of its total revenues while Americas accounted for 22.2%. Eastern Europe accounted for 11.5% o the total revenues while the highest performed for BAT turns out to be Africa and Middle east which accounted for 22.2% but it saw an increase of 31.2% in terms of revenue over last year. Historical Performance Analysis British American Tobacco was established as a joint venture between the Imperial tobacco group of the United Kingdom the American Tobacco Group of the United States in the year 1902. Subsequently, In the year 1911 the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1913, the company looked overseas for expansion and entered the Argentinean markets. In the 1920s, British American Tobaccos capitalization had quadrupled since 1902 and sales grew by nearly a factor of 40. In 1923, The Companys worldwide sales had grown to 50 billion cigarettes per year. By 1962, British American Tobaccos capitalization allowed it to move towards diversification. It grew consistently, however, and was achieving turnover at the rate of 15% per annum by 1970. Diversifying and expanding at a rapid pace, British American Tobacco became a well known brand globally. With uncertainty about a long term market in tobacco, steps were taken to reduce BATs dependence on the tobacco industry. In 1986, only half o f its total pre tax profit came from tobacco group which was down from 57% pre tax profit BAT achieved in the year 1985. The 1990s were not a good time of the decade for tobacco sales as companies in the industry faced several lawsuits and litigations. The U.S. courts awarded verdicts which cost the tobacco companies millions of dollars as the consumer claimed tobacco related illness and relatives of smokers who claimed heavy compensation. The company continued with its strategy to take over small to midsized companies as it acquired Canadas dominant tobacco company, Imasco in the year 2000. The company has been consistently achieving Year on Year growth in the range of 8-12% in terms of revenue since 2005. While it has consistently maintained the operating margin percentage in the range of 26%-29% from 2005 to 2009, the Adjusted Diluted earnings per share has been rising from 56.9p in 2000 to 153p in the year 2009 (Annual Report, 2005-2009). Annual Report Analysis The goal of accounting information is to provide economic decision makers with useful information, according to Williams, Haka, Bettne Carcello (2006, p. 670). Financial statements analysis is not just important for the shareholders but various stakeholders as well. The Group has prepared its annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as endorsed by the European Union. Some of the highlights of the Annual Report include revenue increase of 10% at constant rates of exchange 17% at current rate, when compared to the financials for the year 2008. Adjusted profits from operations too increased by 10% at constant rates and 20% at current rates. The total benefit of the result amounted to GBP 355 Million, which resulted in adjusted diluted earnings per share grow by 19% to 153 pence. Over the past 5 years, BAT has achieved a compounded annual growth rate of 15% in earnings per share and 19 % in dividends per share. The total shareholder returns over the same 5 year has been 175% compared to the FTSE 100 index which gave 35% returns to the investors. The financial analysis views the group as a strong player in the global tobacco industry. The resilience in achieving profits wealth generation along with geographical diversification has positioned the group as a multi national company with strong fundamentals which makes it more susceptible to face risks and unforeseen events in the future. In the first half of the financial year 2009, Sales volumes had increased by 4% or declined by 2% when the benefit derived from acquisition was excluded. BATs free cash flow remained strong and resilient during the year 2009 and looks set to remain the same in the year 2010 despite volume pressures. Price increases sales improvements continue to offset the volume pressure faced by the company in the broad range of other markets. In the financial year 2009, FFO was 31% of fully adjusted debt which was 3% points higher than the FFO in the year 2008. The reason for the same was marginal decrease in debt along with the increase in earnings due to acquisitions. The absorption of operating cash flow in to discretionary spending has slowed due to the company suspending the offer to buy back shares until further notice given. BAT is likely to generate free cash flows despite various expenses like restructuring dividend payments to the shareholders as it has ample internal liquidity, cash flow characteristics access to capital markets. The liquidity of BAT was supported by a) USD 1.75 Billion revolving credit facility for a five year period which along with the cash balance of USD 1.3 billion exceeded gross debt maturing on June 2010; b) Bond maturities; Bond worth USD 2.5 billion were issued to extend the groups debt portfolio c) Finance accessibilities; It has ready access to credit facilities on offer by the financial institutions; d) Significant cash position in excess of USD 1billion. Based on analysis, BATs profitability margins are on par with its global peers. BAT intends to improve its sales by 2 % year on year by price increases and product mixes. Market share reached by BAT in specific markets determined its profitability. Operating margin in developing countries can be compared with the margins achieved in matured markets as shown by the margin achieved in excess of 30% in regions like Latin America, Africa and Middle East. EBIDTA margins for BAT in the year 2009 figured 36%, has had a significant rise of 2.5% percentage point from 33.5% margin it achieved in 2008 and 32.5% in 2007. One widely accepted method of assessing financial statements is ratio analysis which uses data from balance sheet and income statement to produce interpretation which have financial meaning to it. Assessment of the financial health of a business is quick and relatively simple when information is derived using the relevant financial ratios. Ratio Analysis A ratio is a simple mathematical expression of the relationship of one item to another, according to Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2005, p. 674). Ratios can provide diverse information to diverse financial information users. The analysis of annual report suggests the following ratio analysis of the group. The relevant ratios have been grouped and presented in this paper under various heads. Profitability Assessment: Operating Margin: BAT achieved an operating margin of 31.12% in the year 2009 mainly due to savings it achieved in supply chain, general overheads and indirect costs. The impact of higher leaf prices and input costs were offset due to these savings. It allowed the overall operating margin to increase from 30.7% to 31.4% in the year which was much greater than the industry and sector average of 22.01% and 10.10% respectively. BAT also, had much better margins when compared to Japan tobacco which could achieve operating margin of 4.76%. Return on Equity: BAT has been a fundamentally sound company demonstrating consistency in giving return on equity to its shareholders. In the FY 2009, BATs Return on Equity was standing at 37.05% which was considerably higher than the industry and sector average of 11.57% and 8.01% respectively. While Japan Tobacco could manage to achieve little less than 10% Return on Equity, BAT has been since the past able to maintain consistent returns. In the past four years starting 2005 2008, BAT gave returns of 26.12%, 27.70%, 28.95% 30.44% respectively. These numbers give confidence to investors and allow BAT to be looked upon as a good company to place ones bet on. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): Corporate Profitability can be determined by assessing the trading profit that the company has achieved over the capital employed by it to achieve the same. BAT achieved an ROCE of 20.82% in the FY 2009 which is slightly better than the Industry average and sector average. BAT fared approximately twice as better when compared to Japan Tobacco. Asset Utilisation: Asset Turnover: BAT was able to main asset utilisation which was on par with the industry average. The industry average for the FY 2009 was 0.58, while BAT registered an asset utlisation ratio of 0.73. The company is expected to register even better numbers in the near future as FY 2009 saw some acquisitions which resulted in BATs performance on par with the market in terms of making its asset sweat. Closure of the Soeborg factory in Denmark, Downsizing of manufacturing plant in Australia and impairment charges for certain software assets resulted in these assets having minimum and limited future economic benefit. But with consolidation resulting in greater savings and better utlisation of the assets of the companies acquired in the emerging markets, the asset turnover ratio is expected to fare better in the next financial year. Interest Cover: BATs interest cover remains steady at 8.6x in the FY 2009 compared to 8.5x which was reported in the FY 2008. It was offset as a result of the financial arrangements carried out for the acquisitions. Pre-Tax impact on adjusting item distorts the interest cover. Risk Tolerance By analysing the financial statements, BATs policy seems to be moderate as it focuses on maintaining EBIDTA coverage of gross interest payments between 5x and 9x at the same time maintaining cash balance exceeding USD 1 billion and five year maturity on its debt profile. BAT needs to strike a fine balance between acquisitions and share buy backs to avoid over stretching its debt capacity over a short time frame due its commitments to a 65% annual dividend payout ratio. In the year 2008, BAT reduced its annual buy back commitment from USD 750 Million to USD 400 Million to accommodate acquisitions. BAT also suspended its buy back program in 2009 until further notice. Cash Flow Adequacy Growing profitability would benefit the companies debt protection metrics to a greater extent. Strong conversion of profits into cash supports BATs financial metrics. The groups future working capital requirements will remain stable in proportion to its annual sales unless there are any significant large scale acquisitions. BATs capital expenditure of its net operating cash flows is very low when compared with the averages in food, beverage tobacco industries. In the year 2009, BATs capital expenditure accounted for 15%-20% of net operating cash flows. BATs future capital expenditure is most likely to grow giving the compounded annual growth rate of the company along with the industry. Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators for BAT has been its consistent ability to maintain growth in its core competency. Revenue for the FY 2009 grew by 17% which is 3 4 per annum greater than the target growing revenue for the medium and long term. This was possible due to acquisitions it made and favourable exchange rate movements. One of the key strengths of the company in terms of its performance is its diversified global drive brands which constitute majority of the sales for the company. Though growth of 16% was achieved in the FY 2008 in this segment, FY 2009 volumes grew by 4% which is coherent with the companys strategy to achieved single digit growth over the long run. The adjust profit from operations achieved by the firm was well above the company target to achieve 6% profit from operations. BAT registered a growth of 20%. The net cash from operating activities in the FY 2009 was up by  £26 million to  £ 2630 million. Free cash flow per share increased by 2%, the ratio of free cash flow to adjusted diluted earnings was 86%. Adjusted Earnings Per Share (EPS) had grown at an average of 11% over the last ten years. This exceeds the companys target of growing at a single digit figure per annum on an average. Adjusted diluted EPS grew by 19% in the year 2009. S.W.O.T. Analysis Strengths: Diversified Global Brand Drive (GBD) portfolio One of the keys strengths of the group is its diversified portfolio of cigarette brands. In the FY 2009, overall volume of the GBD grew by 4%. Emerging Economies Currently, 74% of BATs revenues come from the emerging economies. Enhanced Internal Operations BAT saved GBP 239 Million in the FY 2009 by improving its supply chain, overheads and indirect costs. Weaknesses: Legal Issues Recoupment actions and Class actions are filed against the company and its subsidiaries which in turn impacts not only the brand image but also its cost structure. Poor Asset Utlization The companys Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) has been poor when compared to its competitors. Philip Morris International and Altria Group recorded an ROA of 29.7% and 20% respectively with BAT recorded an ROA of 15.1% only. Similarly, ROE for BAT was lower than Philip Morris International which recorded 99.2% while BAT could achieve 40.6% only. Opportunities Acquisitions BAT completed an acquisition of a Turkish state owned tobacco company in the year 2008 which elevated its market share from 7% to 36%. In the same year, BAT Bought Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni (ST) which allowed it to increase annual sales of approximately 30,000 million cigarettes. Recently BAT acquired PT Bentoel Internasional Investama, Indonesias fourth largest cigarette maker which had sales of around 250 million cigarettes a year. These acquisitions would increase the global presence of BAT across the globe and in turn enhance its topline and profitability. Growth of Tobacco Industry The tobacco industry is forecasted to witness growth. It is estimated that there would be 1.3 billion smokers in the world by 2020 up from 1.3 billion currently. According to the Datamonitor estimates, the global tobacco market generated total revenues of $429.3 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% for the period spanning 2005-2009. Cigarette sales generated total revenues of $394.2 billion in the FY 2009, equivalent to 91.8% of the markets overall value. The global tobacco market is forecasted to have a value of $490.2 billion, an increase of 14.2% since 2009. BAT is the second-largest global cigarette player. It tends to benefit from this positive outlook. Threats Illicit Trade Illicit trade is estimated up to 660 million cigarettes a year which represents 12% of world cigarette consumption. This results in losses upto GBP 4 Billion to GBP 7 billion a year. Increase in illicit trade would reduce revenues of the company. Advertising restrictions Brand Building, advertising and promotion are facing hindrances globally. The absence of marketing would effect introduction and promotion of new products in the markets. It could have a negative impact on BATs sales. Consumer focus and awareness on health issues Increasing health consciousness and introduction of substitutes to cigarettes into the market has led to decline of sales for the company. Pharma products and nicotine replacement patches along with chewing gums are the new source of harmless alternatives. What makes British American Tobacco work? The year 2009 was a challenging year for the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) segment. Total market volumes declined by 2% for the BAT products. The overall performance for BAT was firm . It continued to invest in its marketing initiatives which resulted in it maintaining its market share in key markets. The Global Drive brands (GDB) grew by combined 4% in terms of volume. These accounted for 27% of the global volume sales for BAT. The overall brand mix for BAT is balanced between premium, mid-price low-price. Managing business to business relationships makes up for a large part of BATs trade marketing activities. BAT co-ordinate its business with its trading partners to ensure that it is able to meet the demands of the customer at the right place and at the right time. This has worked out well for the company as it helps it maintain the market share in a highly competitive tobacco industry. Understanding customer and their needs is of the core non financial activities of BAT. BAT regularly surveys their customer base internationally against its peers in the FMCG industry and particularly against its competitiors in the tobacco industry. Their efforts made them be recognised as the leading business in the tobacco category for customer relationship management by Dow Jones sustainability index for the third successive year in 2009. Apart from its own marketing initiatives, BAT makes efforts to develop marketing programmes jointly with its retail partners, who engage with consumers in market channels like Global Travel Retail and Global Convenience Retail. For BAT, the Direct Store Sales in the most preferred way of selling cigarettes to customers. It fecilitates greater access to consumer information and market. It has also helped them with a direct commericla link to their most strategic retail accounts. In the FY 2009, total sales volumes distributed through DSS reached 50%. Integrated Global Enterprise Apart from the key revenue generators for the company, BAT has been able to achieve growth by savings. BAT was successful in turning a multinational business operations in over 180 markets into an integrated global enterprise which take better advantage of its scale. It led to savings in supply chain, overheads and indirect costs amounting to  £239 million. The company has a target achieve  £800 million savings by 2012.

Classical Mythology Essay -- essays research papers

Classical Mythology What would one think if he goes back in time to a period where myths were common? Would one believe it to be true or hold his own opinion? I would say it depends on the situation and on what type of myth it is. Classical period was full of myths. There were many aspects to mythology that were held important in the classical era. One of the most significant aspects of the Greek mythology was that it was the primary concept to put humans at the midpoint of the universe. Not like the animal deities of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, the gods of the Greeks were human in form. Not only did they have human physical character, but they symbolized the touching flaws of humans as well. Unlike the gods of other ancient civilizations, Greek gods were not much omniscient and all-powerful, manifesting typical humans. To the Greeks, the life of the gods so closely resembled human life that the gods felt real and touchable, rather than impenetrable and distant. Even the most magical of Greek myths contain real-world elements: the supernatural Hercules lives in the very real city of Thebes, and the goddess Aphrodite is born in a spot any ancient tourist could visit, off the island of Cythera. In general, Greek myths involve less strange and frightening magic than the myths of other ancient civilizations. In this more normal world, individuals become heroes by virtue of bravery and strength rather than supernatural powers. Even though Greek myth lacks wizards and demoni... Classical Mythology Essay -- essays research papers Classical Mythology What would one think if he goes back in time to a period where myths were common? Would one believe it to be true or hold his own opinion? I would say it depends on the situation and on what type of myth it is. Classical period was full of myths. There were many aspects to mythology that were held important in the classical era. One of the most significant aspects of the Greek mythology was that it was the primary concept to put humans at the midpoint of the universe. Not like the animal deities of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, the gods of the Greeks were human in form. Not only did they have human physical character, but they symbolized the touching flaws of humans as well. Unlike the gods of other ancient civilizations, Greek gods were not much omniscient and all-powerful, manifesting typical humans. To the Greeks, the life of the gods so closely resembled human life that the gods felt real and touchable, rather than impenetrable and distant. Even the most magical of Greek myths contain real-world elements: the supernatural Hercules lives in the very real city of Thebes, and the goddess Aphrodite is born in a spot any ancient tourist could visit, off the island of Cythera. In general, Greek myths involve less strange and frightening magic than the myths of other ancient civilizations. In this more normal world, individuals become heroes by virtue of bravery and strength rather than supernatural powers. Even though Greek myth lacks wizards and demoni...

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Effects of Betrayal in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God The first time one experiences betrayal from a close friend is the hardest situation to go through. Betrayal is clearly defined as to break the faith of an enemy, or to disclose a violation of confidence; but more specifically, and with less clarity in real life situations, betrayal is a complex action that occurs to everyone at some point in life. For a person that has been betrayed before, the simple definition does not do justice to the effects betrayal has on their life or how one can be betrayed. Apparent examples can be seen in Their Eyes Were Watching God, for the main character is clearly betrayed many times in her life. The end product could potentially be worse than the act of betrayal. The person could feel that they cannot trust the person that deceived then, or might feel like they are unable to trust anyone else. They could have mixed feelings about keeping a friendship or being around that person on a daily basis. If it were something that had major consequences or really hurt that person, one would feel anger towards that said person, especially if it were embarrassing in front of a large amount of people or was suppressing one for a long time. People can be betrayed in a variety of ways for different reasons, by anyone in their lives. A close family member or a best friend could betray one. They may go behind one’s back in order for more personal gain, but sometimes they commit betrayal in the interest of one’s benefit. A not so close friend could betray one’s trust by telling a secret or situation that was told or seen in confidence that was broken for a juicy story or just slipped unnoticed. Some people betray their friends or enemies in order to make them look bad; such as spreading a rumor about said person. More than once was Janie betrayed; the main character from Their Eyes Were Watching God tells her life story to her friend and explains the things that were not so good in her life. Many people through the course of her life betray her, most recognizably she is constantly the talk of her town, and some townspeople that are jealous are the mouth of that gossip. They talk about her behind her back to make themselves more assured that she is not better than them.

Should Cars be more Efficient Essay -- Transportation, Automobile Indu

Should Cars Be More Efficient? Since the industrial revolution, huge steps have been made in terms of discovering and utilizing new technologies and different types of fuel for the purposes of transportation. Before the advent of the modern automobile, the widely used means of transport were horses, carriages, and walking by foot. These means of transport posed major challenges due to the fact that transporting supplies from one warehouse to another was difficult. However, with the introduction of the first car, it was a great reap forward towards eliminating most of the transportation hurdles. The advent of automobiles was accompanied by a corresponding need to consume more fuel in form of oil and gas. At first, the environmental impact of emissions from vehicles was not felt as it could not be detected within a scope of a few years. However, the cumulative effects of the emissions from vehicles on the environment have led to the phenomenon global warming. The resultant heated debate has been whether stakeholders in the automobile industry and governments should strive to make cars more fuel-efficient. This paper expounds on whether investments are worth being made towards making cars more efficient in a bid to reduce the degree of pollution coming from current types of cars. In addition, it argues whether the focus ought to be making cars with a motive to make profit. In effect, the general idea presented in the paper is which ought to be the best way of ensuring that vehicles produced are efficient for individuals, the environment, and the economy at large. It is no doubt that automobiles have become a way of life in the current society besides the transport sector contributing immensely to the economic growth of every cou... ...n the auto industry, the government, consumers, and environmentalists have indispensable roles to play in fulfilling this agenda. Though some opponents of this idea have cited a potential lack of a ready market, it is clear from the discussion that resources can be marshaled towards making new cars affordable. Efficient cars will promote clean and efficient transportation. Alternatives such as hybrid and electric vehicles and technologies such as aerodynamics and direct injection gas engines can be harnessed to make this venture a reality. The economy would benefit a great deal from saving a lot of money that goes into oil importation and many job opportunities would be created. The costs that have resulted from the impacts of global warming are an enormous burden to the economy. It would be a relief to the economy if more efficient cars are produced. Should Cars be more Efficient Essay -- Transportation, Automobile Indu Should Cars Be More Efficient? Since the industrial revolution, huge steps have been made in terms of discovering and utilizing new technologies and different types of fuel for the purposes of transportation. Before the advent of the modern automobile, the widely used means of transport were horses, carriages, and walking by foot. These means of transport posed major challenges due to the fact that transporting supplies from one warehouse to another was difficult. However, with the introduction of the first car, it was a great reap forward towards eliminating most of the transportation hurdles. The advent of automobiles was accompanied by a corresponding need to consume more fuel in form of oil and gas. At first, the environmental impact of emissions from vehicles was not felt as it could not be detected within a scope of a few years. However, the cumulative effects of the emissions from vehicles on the environment have led to the phenomenon global warming. The resultant heated debate has been whether stakeholders in the automobile industry and governments should strive to make cars more fuel-efficient. This paper expounds on whether investments are worth being made towards making cars more efficient in a bid to reduce the degree of pollution coming from current types of cars. In addition, it argues whether the focus ought to be making cars with a motive to make profit. In effect, the general idea presented in the paper is which ought to be the best way of ensuring that vehicles produced are efficient for individuals, the environment, and the economy at large. It is no doubt that automobiles have become a way of life in the current society besides the transport sector contributing immensely to the economic growth of every cou... ...n the auto industry, the government, consumers, and environmentalists have indispensable roles to play in fulfilling this agenda. Though some opponents of this idea have cited a potential lack of a ready market, it is clear from the discussion that resources can be marshaled towards making new cars affordable. Efficient cars will promote clean and efficient transportation. Alternatives such as hybrid and electric vehicles and technologies such as aerodynamics and direct injection gas engines can be harnessed to make this venture a reality. The economy would benefit a great deal from saving a lot of money that goes into oil importation and many job opportunities would be created. The costs that have resulted from the impacts of global warming are an enormous burden to the economy. It would be a relief to the economy if more efficient cars are produced.

Why society is unfair with teen male?

The way in which my son is branded and spoken of is very exaggerated and unfair. Through the past month he experienced a difficult time going through a split with his fellow peer. He tried to reach for help through his teachers and a social worker, hoping to find a way to cope and instead he was abused with statements such as â€Å"this young man Is experiencing significant mental health Issues. † This all occurred because he dared to cry and show sorrow when he was told by the peer that she felt uncomfortable talking to him.Furthermore, after this incident that occurred on March 24, 2014, the peer contacted my son first on the same day. Approximately two weeks after, I was phoned at work by the principal, informing me that she would call the police if I was not able to come and pick up my son after school. I asked her to wait for me around 5-10 minutes, and moments after we had finished our conversation, she called the police nonetheless. She had also told my son that she wou ld not call the police unless he left the school.He did not leave and the police was still called. My son was escorted by the police to the RE per the principals statement that my son was having a â€Å"suicidal crisis. The principal came to this conclusion based on a Faceable conversation between my son and the peer which was shown to the principal by the peer. Recently, I read the messages In which my son stated â€Å"I'm always going to be there for you. † These words obviously show no intentions to commit suicide. My son was assessed by the RE team by DRP.Doe, a psychiatrist at H ¶tell-Died Grace Hospital where he was escorted by the police. He was released in the same night from the hospital as the RE team claimed that he was not in a crisis. The psychiatrist had not considered he needed any follow-up appointments or medication. He was not diagnosed with ant mental health illness. I communicated all of the results to the principal; however, she didn't accept my son to go back to school for a week now, though he was not suspended.During the ten school years of his life, I never once heard a complaint from any of his teachers regarding his behavior. His average mark Is over 90%. He has won numerous awards for his academic success and he was only ever praised by his teachers. Please help me rehabilitate my son's reputation at school and gain fair treatment by his principal and social worker at school. This incident was a small part of his school fife and his great sorrow was misinterpreted as a mental illness.Based on this event we cannot throw away and ignore all his years of hard work, and great behavior. Why society is unfair with teen male? By conspire â€Å"this young man is experiencing significant mental health issues. † This all occurred was shown to the principal by the peer. Recently, I read the messages in which my intentions to commit suicide. My son was assessed by the RE team by DRP. Doe,a communicated all of the results to the principal; however, she didn't accept my son to regarding his behavior. His average mark is over 90%. He has won numerous

Cultural Brief of Taiwan

INTRODUCTION POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROMENT HOFSTEDES DIMENSIONS Geert Hofstede is a Dutch queryer who identify quintuplet dimensions of destination to help understand how and wherefore considerable deal from various coatings be sacrifice the heightensing they do. The five Hofstedes cultural dimensions atomic follow 18 authority distance, uncertainness avoidance, individualism, masculinity vs. femininity, and mea certain orientation. mainland China has a high power distance meaning that people blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and strict obedience is effect.mainland China ranked high in uncertainty avoidance meaning that the people do non like uncertainty and extend to strike a high lead for security and a stiff notion in experts. In individualism chinaw atomic human action 18 ranked as a minor individualistic unpolished meaning that people look after themselves and their immediate family members. In regards to masculinity chinaw a r ranked as a high masculinity country meaning that they place great enormousness on earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge. In this geek of culture people be encour historic period to be decision makers, and get to high exercise levels.On the brave dimension mainland China ranked high in great term orientation meaning that they focus much on long redact goals. TROMPENAARS DIMENSIONS Although Hofstedes dimensions argon the somewhat(prenominal) recognize cultural dimension a much recent research is gaining attention. This research was make over a finish on ten years by another(prenominal)(prenominal) Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaar. Trompenaars dimensions are Universalism vs. Particularism, Individualism vs. Communitarianism, Neutral vs. Emotional, specialized vs. Diff utilise, Achievement vs. Ascription, Sequential vs.Synchronous, and Internal vs. External. mankind DIMENSIONS The GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational style Effectiveness) researc h project is another submit to measure cultural difference. This research is an extensive analysis that integrates previous analysis. Countries were selected real cautiously so that e in truth(prenominal) major geographical in the world was represented. This project or research is divvy uped one of the nearly educate studies beca mathematical function it was made by a multicultural afternoon team of researchers that had and broad grappleledge and bang in those fields.The GLOBE project canister be function to foresee the most appropriate, effective, and suitable organisational and leader practices in spite of appearance a culture. The GLOBE is a more extensive research and includes more dimensions than Hofstedes and Trompenaarss research. The GLOBE project identified nine cultural dimensions Uncertainty avoidance, force-out distance, Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Gender egalitarianism, Assertiveness, future solar day orientation, Performance orientation, and Humane orientation. CULTURAL NORMS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS chinawares population is generally Han Chinese and is divided into three bases found on their language minute, Hakka, and Mandarin. The ex officio language of chinaware is Mandarin Chinese, yet Min-nan dialect is similarly widely spoken. English is the most democratic distant language which makes it part of their continuous school curriculum. Most people in chinaware have traditional determine based on Confucian ethics, notwithstanding industrialization is reservation them change their values. about traditional values such(prenominal) as piety towards parents, ancestor worship, and emphasis on education and work remain strong.minute values are based on Confucianism which describes the position of the individual in familiarity. This administration of behaviors and ethics put emphasis on the obligation of people towards one another based on their race, and stresses duty, loyalty, honor, respect for age and sincerity. t here are five classifications of relationship ruler and subject, husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, and friend and friend. chinawares culture is collective which doer they are leaveing to suppress their sustain feelings for the full of the group. Chinese have a real meaning(a) ideal of the expression called Mien-Tzu. They believe the face reflects a somebodys reputation, dignity, and prestige. This concept is not sole(prenominal) applied to individuals merely also to telephone linees. Guanxi is another term related to the connections and eccentric persons of relationships Taiwanese use to conduct product line. businesses are conducted among friends, friends of friends, family, and people of your experience level or higher statues. This concept is believed to grant doors, smooth problems, and open more connections. Taiwans theology is based on the three teachings Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.Each religion has its own temples, priest, and sacred texts, but most people practice a amalgamate of the three teachings referred to as popular or folk religion. Family is very important in the Taiwanese culture and one affaire that lends family to motorher every day is food. dinner party is the most important repast of the day because it reinforces family relationships. The exchange of food means equation and people of higher ranks are never invited to dine at ones home. Fish the favorite food, and food is in the main cooked in soups, stews, and deep fry. Taiwan is historied for its tea and it can be found in almost every command of Taiwan.Tea is the most famous soak up because it is con rampred stimulating, conducive to conversation, and beneficial to health. EXPECTATIONS REGARDING DRESS APPOINTMENTS Taiwanese are very punctual and they wait to be everlastingly on date for an ap foretellment. They are very gentle in scheduling appointments and the best way to act an appointment is by telephone or email. Mos t firms have business hours from 9AM to 530PM Monday to Friday, so contact them between those multiplication if you lack to be contacted in a timely manner. Punctuality is very important but they understand and respect when late, but if previous notice is given.Holidays are a very hard time to adapt appointments because they do not work peculiarly during the holidays of Chinese New Year, Tuan-Wu (or Dragon ride Festival) and Mid-Autumn holiday, therefore it is very hard to get a keep going of anyone during this time of the year. melodic phrase ENTERTAINING Taiwanese recompense very pie-eyed to business entertaining because they consider it essential in creating a booming business relationship. Business entertaining should never be considered a waste of time since Taiwanese pay very pixilated attention and dedicate a carry on of time to this activity.The most popular shell of business entertaining is having dinner and potable a great amount of intoxicant until very lat e. During dinner make sure not to maunder about business unless the host brings it up. This time should be use to learn more about Taiwans people, culture, and the host interest. Taiwanese are food lovers so ask about twenty dishes during dinner. The tradition is that the host serves the node in their plates a little food, but they are free to lot more food. It is recommended that you leave a little subprogram of food in your plate when through because leaving your plate empty signifies that you are still hungry.After the great meal tea is serve which signifies that the until nowt is finished, and it is civilized if you leave after finishing the tea even if the host invites you to stay. railway line card Taiwanese people are very friendly and courteous, and social relations are very important. They believe in creating strong relationships because their belief is that one cannot do any subject completely without help from others. The use of business separate is utilize at the outgrowth base meeting. Business cards are exchange and it is considered an easy way to overcome initial unobtrusiveness and start forming a connection.The exchange of business cards also represents or demonstrates a somebodys name and reputation. TITLES AND FORMS OF denotation Title and status of authority are very important in Taiwanese culture. When meeting a person for the first time it is important that you address the person by their academic, professional, or honorific appellation and their surname. People pay very close attention to status of authority such as age, education, occupation, and gender. Age is one of the factors taken seriously because they expect to show the greatest respect. This is a problem whenever a jr. expatriate comes to manage older people.It is thorny for them to accept the fact that a younger person manages them. Taiwanese traditionally have three name. The surname or last name, and two personal name. An interesting thing about their p ersonal names is that their names commonly have some remarkable meaning. Asking about the meaning of their names is a good way for fault the ice. GREETINGS Greeting in Taiwan are also very important and they have a different types of greetings depending on the person world greeted when greeting someone in Taiwan the oldest person in the group is greeted first.Taiwanese use a shake as the most common type of greeting with foreigners. In the Chinese culture they have a sign that represents respect, flavor towards the ground. Taiwanese do not expect for foreigners to greet the aforesaid(prenominal) way because they jazz we have different greeting styles, so to be on the safe side a firm handshake and a warm smile is the best choice. GESTURES everyplace in the world no bet what language you speak people or cultures always have gestures that have a significant meaning. In Taiwan there are quartette types of gestures greeting gestures, sorrowful gestures, beckoning gestures, and sign(a) gestures.We will start first with the greeting gestures, handshaking has become popular and its spreading rapidly, but a electric discharge is the most traditional form of greeting. hug and kissing when greeting is very uncommon and uncommon. A special gesture for elders is to round natural covering your left fist with your right hand, or put your hands together and bring them to your heart. Touching gestures are not very welcomed in Taiwan they are not a touch oriented society. reality signs of affection are rare, but its normal for same sex persons to hold hands in public.Beckoning gestures are make with an open hand cladding descending(prenominal) and never use your index dactyl to point at someone. Never use your hand to beckon someone facing upward because that gesture is only used for animals. Avoid touching or sorrowful objects with your feet, and never put your feet on top of furniture because feet are considered lowly and dirty. There are a lot of nonverb al gestures but this are a some of the most common. In respect to elders always open the door for them, give up your seat if no other sits are available, talk to them first when you enter a room, and take off your glasses when you talk to them.Posture should be straight, so do not slough. Having a loud and vulgar behavior in not unobjectionable when doing business but it is acceptable in restaurants. Being able to read gestures will help you understand people even if you do not speak the same language, so make sure you be the most important one in order to create the right ikon and business relationship. GIFT GIVING hold enceinte is one of the things you need to pay really close attention since a lot of talents have a very significant meaning, and you might give the disparage impression.Taiwanese are food lovers and a good choice for a gift is a nice food field goal or a good look bottle of alcohol. Taiwanese culture has a sign of politeness by ref using a gift the first t ime offered and it is ok to offer the gift again, but not force it. Some of the things that should not be given as gifts are Scissors, knives or cutting utensils because they represent to sever the relationship. Clock, handkerchiefs or straw sandals because they are associated with funerals and death. White f glowers or chrysanthemums because they signify death. Never lace gifts in white, blue, or black paper.Never wrap gifts in red, pink or sensationalistic because they are considered auspicious colors. The fall four is considered a bad luck number so never give anything in groups of four. On the other hand the number eight is a lucky number so giving groups of eights is giving good luck to the recipient. Avoid giving anything made in Taiwan. Presents should be given using both hands, and gifts are not open when received. So make sure that when giving a gift you take in consideration the gift giving etiquette, so you can make a roaring gift and the right impression.LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS (COMMUNICATION STYLES) It is very important that people who want to make business in Taiwan speak Mandarin Chinese, so dialog is more fluent. It is important to speak the official language of Taiwan because the levels of English of transnational and major MNCs based in the country are low. The use of translators is engage but it slows down a make that its already slow. INTERACTION STYLES duologue ISSUES Taiwan is a collective society so they believe in having very strong business relationships in advance making a negotiation.They spend a great amount of time trying to know the company before considering any type of negotiation. When foreigners want to make negotiations in Taiwan they get frustrated because of the process be too slow. Managers have an authoritarian point of view and expect to be obeyed by their subordinates 100%. Their decisions are accepted without being question and in rare cases subordinates have something to say. They expect to be asked first befor e any actions are taken in their absence, therefore very little endeavour in taken in the lower side of the chain.Any decisions taken when the theater director is not there they are considered suspicious. look OF WOMEN EXECUTIVES Taiwan is a male-dominated society and women blowout a small part in business. Women in the business field usually have the lowest levels in the organization even if they a high qualified. equating is progressing very slowly and it may take years before equality is reached. blush though males are considered the decision makers foreign business women will be do by with great respect and courtesy.

Becomin a Dentist Assistant

alveolar consonant assistants counterfeit closely with, and under the supervision of, dentists. (See the parameter on dentists elsewhere in the Handbook. ) Assistants perform a variety of patient c atomic number 18, voice, and laboratory duties. alveolar consonant assistants should non be confused with alveolar consonant hygienists, who atomic number 18 licensed to perform different clinical tasks. (See the statement on alveolar consonant hygienists elsewhere in the Handbook. ) alveolar assistants bushel and disinfect instruments and equipment, prep ar and lay surface the instruments and materials ask to treat each patient, and obtain patients alveolar records.Assistants fudge patients as comfortable as possible in the alveolar consonant chair and prepare them for discourse. During alveolar procedures, assistants work alongside the dentist to provide assistance. They hand instruments and materials to dentists and keep patients mouths dry and clear by using sucking or an whatever other(prenominal) devices. They as well as instruct patients on postoperative and general oral health care. alveolar consonant assistants may prepare materials for impressions and restorations, take alveolar x rays, and process roentgenogram film as direct by a dentist.They also may look at sutures, apply topical anesthetics to gums or cavity-preventive agents to teething, remove otiose cement used in the filling process, and berth rubber dams on the teeth to isolate them for idiosyncratic treatment. near States are expanding alveolar consonant assistants duties to imply tasks oftentimes(prenominal) as coronal polishing and restorative dentistry functions for those assistants that meet specific training and experience drivements. alveolar consonant assistants with laboratory duties make casts of the teeth and mouth from impressions, mediocre and polish removable appliances, and make temporary crowns.Those with accountability duties schedule and confirm appointments, receive patients, keep treatment records, send bills, receive payments, and order dental supplies and materials. usage environment. Dental assistants work in a well-lighted, reasonably environment. Their work area usually is near the dental chair so that they can arrange instruments, materials, and medicine and hand them to the dentist when needed. Dental assistants must turn out gloves, masks, eyewear, and protective clothing to protect themselves and their patients from infectious diseases.Assistants also follow safety procedures to minimize the risks associated with the use of x-ray machines. About half of dental assistants have a 35- to 40-hour workweek. Most of the rest work disperse-time or have variable schedules. Depending on the hours of the dental might where they work, assistants may have to work on Saturdays or evenings. Some dental assistants hold multiple jobs by working at dental divisions that are unmannerly on different days or comp uter programming their work at a second office around the hours they work at their primary office. Training, otherwise Qualifications, and Advancement About this section blanket to tip grit to TopMany assistants learn their skills on the job, although an increasing bend are trained in dental-assisting programs commotioned by conjunction and minor(postnominal) colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, or the gird Forces. Education and training. High school students interested in a career as a dental assistant should take courses in biology, chemistry, health, and office practices. For those deficiency to pursue further education, the Commission on Dental Accreditation within the American Dental Association (ADA) canonic 269 dental-assisting training programs in 2006.Programs include classroom, laboratory, and preclinical reading in dental-assisting skills and related theory. In addition, students gain applicatory experience in dental schools, clinics, or dental off ices. Most programs take 1 year or less to perfect(a) and lead to a credential or diploma. Two-year programs offered in community and junior colleges lead to an associate degree. All programs study a high school diploma or its equivalent, and most require science or computer-related courses for admission.A spell of private vocational schools offer 4- to 6-month courses in dental assisting, but the Commission on Dental Accreditation does not accredit these programs. A large number of dental assistants learn through on the job training. In these situations, the employing dentist or other dental assistants in the dental office teach the new assistant dental terminology, the names of the instruments, how to perform daily duties, how to interact with patients, and other things necessary to help keep the dental office running smoothly.While some things can be picked up easily, it may be a few months before new dental assistants are completely knowledgeable about their duties and co mfortable doing all of their tasks without assistance. A period of on-the-job training is often requisite even for those that have completed a dental-assisting program or have some previous experience. variant dentists may have their own styles of doing things that need to be learned before an assistant can be comfortable working with them. Office-specific information, such as where files are kept, depart need to be learned at each new job.Also, as dental engineering science changes, dental assistants need to stay familiar with the tools and procedures that they will be using or helping dentists to use. on-the-job training is often sufficient to keep assistants street smart on these matters. Licensure. Most States regulate the duties that dental assistants are permited to perform. Some States require licensure or registration, which may include passing a written or mulish examination. There are a variety of schools whirl coursesapproximately 10 to 12 months in lengththat me et their States requirements.Other States require dental assistants to complete State-approved education courses of 4 to 12 hours in length. Some States offer registration of other dental assisting credentials with little or no education required. Some States require continuing education to maintain licensure or registration. A few States allow dental assistants to perform any function delegated to them by the dentist. Individual States have adopted different standards for dental assistants who perform certain advanced duties. In some States, for example, dental assistants who perform radiological procedures must complete additional training.Completion of the Radiation Health and natural rubber examination offered by Dental Assisting National plank (DANB) meets the standards in more than than 30 States. Some States require completion of a State-approved course in radiology as well. Certification and other qualifications. Certification is usable through the Dental Assisting Nati onal Board (DANB) and is acknowledge or required in more than 30 States. Certification is an acknowledgment of an assistants qualifications and overlord competence and may be an asset when whizz is seeking barter.Candidates may qualify to take the DANB credential examination by graduating from an ADA-accredited dental assisting education program or by having 2 years of full-time, or 4 years of part-time, experience as a dental assistant. In addition, applicants must have menses certification in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For annual recertification, individuals must earn continuing education credits. Other organizations offer registration, most often at the State level. Dental assistants must be a second couple up of hands for a dentist therefore, dentists look for volume who are reliable, work well with others, and have heartfelt manual dexterity.Advancement. Without further education, advancement opportunities are limited. Some dental assistants become office managers, dental-assisting instructors, dental move aroundth sales representatives, or restitution claims processors for dental insurance companies. Others go back to school to become dental hygienists. For many, this entry-level subscriber line provides basic training and experience and serves as a steppingstone to more highly skilled and higher(prenominal) paying jobs. Employment About this section Back to Top Back to Top Dental assistants held about 280,000 jobs in 2006. close to all jobs for dental assistants were in offices of dentists. A weensy number of jobs were in the Federal, State, and local governments or in offices of physicians. About 35 percent of dental assistants worked part time, sometimes in more than one dental office. Job Outlook About this section Back to Top Back to Top Employment is judge to increase much faster than average out job prospects are expect to be excellent. Employment change. Employment is expect to grow 29 percent from 2006 to 2016, which is much faster than the average for all occupations.In fact, dental assistants are expected to be among the fastest growing occupations over the 2006-16 ejection period. Population growth, greater retention of natural teeth by middle-aged and older people, and an increased centralise on preventative dental care for jr. generations will fuel demand for dental services. older dentists, who have been less likely to employ assistants or have employed fewer, are leaving the occupation and will be replaced by recent graduates, who are more likely to use one or more assistants.In addition, as dentists workloads increase, they are expected to hire more assistants to perform routine tasks, so that they may devote their own time to more complex procedures. Job prospects. Job prospects for dental assistants should be excellent. In addition to job openings due to employment growth, numerous job openings will arise out of the need to replace assistants who transfer to other occupations, retire, or le ave for other reasons. Many opportunities for entry-level positions offer on-the-job training, but some dentists prefer to hire undergo assistants or those who have completed a dental-assisting program.